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In 2025 the financial sector is experiencing a unique moment: according to EY, 72% of international investors consider compliance in financial services the main criterion of trust when choosing a partner or jurisdiction. At the same time, global fines for AML violations and sanctions regimes exceeded $6.5 billion in the past 12 months alone, and the number of regulatory inspections increased by 30% in the EU and Asia.

How to ensure not just formal compliance, but real confidence in compliance that will become the foundation of sustainable growth and a competitive advantage?
Why do even mature companies face unexpected legal and operational risks when entering new markets, and how can you avoid the traps that lie at every stage: from company registration to implementing digital AML solutions?
If you manage an international business or are responsible for the strategy of a financial organization, this article is not just another overview of trends, but a practical guide based on COREDO’s experience and analysis of the best global practices.

Here you will find answers to key questions: how to build an effective compliance system, increase investor trust, minimize risks and use the regulatory changes of 2025 as a growth point.

Read to the end to find out how the COREDO team helps clients achieve compliance confidence, and why this becomes the main success factor in next-generation financial services.

Compliance in financial services: what it is and why it’s needed?

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Compliance in financial services is not just formal fulfillment of requirements, but a key instrument ensuring stability, transparency and trust in the industry.

Understanding what compliance is and why it is needed is especially important for the sustainable development of the financial organizations themselves and the protection of their clients.

Compliance and the resilience of financial organizations

The resilience of financial organizations is impossible without a mature compliance system. In recent years, the COREDO team has implemented projects where it was precisely the compliance culture and regular employee training that allowed clients not only to minimize the risks of financial crime but also to increase operational resilience amid tightening regulation. The implementation of corporate governance, transparency and accountability principles becomes an integral part of the risk management strategy in the financial sector. COREDO’s practice confirms: companies investing in the development of a compliance culture show higher resilience indicators and adapt faster to new regulatory requirements.

In the current conditions, where financial crimes and sanctions regimes are becoming increasingly complex, employee training and the formation of a culture of responsibility are not an option but a strategic necessity.

According to the European Banking Authority (EBA), companies with a developed internal control system and regular AML/CFT training reduce the likelihood of incidents by 40% compared to the market.

Compliance with financial services regulations in the EU, Asia and Africa

EU financial regulation, as well as the requirements of regulators in Singapore, the United Kingdom, the UAE and Cyprus, impose not only high standards of transparency on companies but also strict requirements for data protection, data localization and consideration of the specifics of local laws. Solutions developed at COREDO take into account the impact of the 2025 regulatory changes: for example, new EU directives on ESG, the expansion of MAS’s powers in Singapore, and the tightening of controls over digital assets and CBDCs.

Particular attention is paid to compliance with GDPR and data localization. The implementation of hybrid models of data storage and processing allows our clients to ensure compliance not only with European but also Asian privacy standards, which becomes critically important in cross-border operations and business scaling.

AML services for business – what they include and why they are needed?

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AML services for business are not just an obligation to regulators but a foundation for protecting the company from financial crime, fines and reputational risks.

Understanding *what such services include* and *why they are needed* is critically important for international companies facing different legal requirements and levels of threat.

Best AML practices for international business

Combating money laundering in Europe and Asia requires not only knowledge of FATF standards but also the ability to adapt AML processes to the specifics of each jurisdiction. COREDO’s experience shows that it is the flexible configuration of KYC and Due Diligence procedures, integration of automated transaction monitoring systems and regular audits that allow international companies to effectively manage risks and meet regulators’ expectations.

In one of COREDO’s cases for a transnational fintech with offices in the EU and Singapore, the scaling of AML processes was accompanied by the implementation of an automated platform using artificial intelligence to detect suspicious transactions in real time.

This solution reduced operational costs by 25% and accelerated compliance screening for new clients.

Assessing the effectiveness and ROI of compliance and AML programs

Assessing the ROI of compliance programs is a task the COREDO team approaches systematically. We use a set of KPIs: the number of prevented incidents, transaction processing speed, the level of false positives in AML systems, as well as a direct comparison of compliance costs with savings on fines and reputational losses.

Implementing effectiveness metrics allows COREDO’s clients not only to justify investments in compliance to investors,but also to build a long-term growth strategy.

According to a Deloitte study, companies that regularly assess the effectiveness of compliance programs achieve increased trust from partners and regulators 30% faster.

Registration of legal entities and company support abroad

Illustration for the section 'Registration of legal entities and company support abroad' in the article 'Winning in financial services starts with compliance confidence'

Registration of legal entities and company support abroad: this is a strategic step for entrepreneurs seeking to enter new markets and strengthen their business position on the international stage. The process opens access to promising jurisdictions and new opportunities and requires close attention to the specific legal nuances of each country.

In this section we will examine the key aspects of establishing legal entities abroad and effectively supporting companies in the EU, Asia and Africa.

Thus, proper registration and company support require a comprehensive approach and a deep understanding of the local specifics of the chosen jurisdictions: let’s look more closely at the key stages of this process in the EU, Asia and Africa.

Registration of legal entities in the EU, Asia and Africa

Registration of legal entities in the EU, Singapore, the UAE and a number of African countries requires a deep understanding of local regulatory requirements and the specifics of corporate law. COREDO’s practice confirms: the key to success is not only the correct preparation of founding documents but also the competent construction of ownership structures to minimize tax and legal risks.

For example, in Singapore company registration is possible only through licensed providers (Registered Filing Agent), and for certain types of activities (financial services, brokerage, fintech) obtaining special licenses and approvals from ACRA and MAS is required. In the Czech Republic and Estonia the emphasis is on transparency of beneficial ownership and compliance with AML/CFT requirements. In Africa, by contrast, special attention is paid to data localization and consumer protection.

Licensing and account opening for financial business

Obtaining licenses for crypto, payment, banking and forex services is a distinct challenge for international companies. COREDO’s solutions include comprehensive preparation for licensing audits, support for communications with regulators (FCA, MAS, EBA), as well as assistance in opening accounts in foreign banks where due diligence and AML requirements are becoming increasingly strict.

In one of COREDO’s recent projects for a European fintech startup, the integration of digital KYC platforms and automation of data collection accelerated the account opening process in Slovak and Cypriot banks by 40%, while ensuring full compliance with the new PSD2 and AMLD6 requirements.

Digital transformation of compliance in finance

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Digital transformation of compliance in finance today means not just implementing new technologies, but a profound change in work standards, interaction formats and the financial products themselves. By 2025, decentralized systems, digital assets and CBDCs come to the fore, requiring businesses to adopt fundamentally new approaches to compliance and control.

Digital assets and CBDC: compliance in 2025

The emergence of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and the growth in digital asset turnover require companies to adopt new approaches to compliance and risk management. The COREDO team analyzes the impact of these trends on the architecture of AML/KYC processes and develops solutions that take into account the specifics of working with tokenized assets, smart contracts and cross-border payments.

In 2025, EU and Asian regulators tighten requirements for the traceability of digital currencies, while MAS and the FCA introduce new standards for monitoring cryptoasset transactions. The introduction of artificial intelligence into compliance systems enables COREDO to offer clients tools for automatic anomaly detection and early fraud prevention.

Automation of compliance solutions and scaling

Automation of AML processes and integration of fraud detection technologies become critically important when scaling a business. COREDO’s experience shows that implementing modular solutions based on machine learning and cloud platforms not only improves the quality of compliance monitoring but also provides flexibility when entering new markets.

In a case for a large payment platform, automation of compliance processes reduced transaction processing time by 60% and false positives by one third.

Scaling strategies for AML and compliance solutions developed by COREDO allow clients to quickly adapt to new regulatory requirements and maintain a high level of trust from partners.

Thus, modern approaches to automating AML and fraud detection become an integral part of comprehensive risk management and ensuring the resilience of financial organizations.

Risk management and resilience in finance

Illustration for the section 'Risk management and resilience in finance' in the article 'Winning in financial services starts with compliance confidence'

risk management and resilience in finance: this is the foundation of reliable operation for any organization in conditions of uncertainty. Effective identification, assessment and mitigation of risks directly affect a company’s financial stability and enable sustainable long-term development. In current conditions, management of areas such as financial crime and sanctions risk becomes particularly important.

Managing risks of financial crime and sanctions

In 2025, sanctions regimes become increasingly complex and dynamic, especially for companies operating in multiple jurisdictions. COREDO’s analysis shows that key risks are associated not only with direct financial losses but also with reputational threats and the blocking of international operations.

To minimize risks, the COREDO team implements multi-level monimonitoring, automated reporting and regular stress tests of compliance processes.

This allows timely identification of potential violations and adjustment of business processes before critical consequences occur.

Ensuring operational resilience amid geopolitical instability

Geopolitical factors are increasingly affecting compliance in the financial sector. Operational resilience is becoming a priority: COREDO develops scenario response plans for clients, as well as tools for rapid relocation of critical functions between jurisdictions.

In one project for a European bank, integration of cloud solutions and duplication of key compliance functions ensured continuity of operations even under sanctions pressure and disruptions in cross-border payments.

Confidence in compliance for financial services – practical steps

  • The development and implementation of compliance systems in financial companies begins with an audit of current processes, assessment of the maturity of the compliance culture and identification of key risk areas. The COREDO team uses international standards (FATF, EBA, MAS) and best practices to build effective monitoring and internal control systems.
  • Developing a sustainable finance strategy requires integrating ESG factors, taking into account new regulatory requirements and continuous engagement with regulators. COREDO’s solutions allow clients not only to comply with standards but also to use compliance as a tool to attract investment and increase trust.
  • Increasing financial inclusion and protecting customers become possible through the implementation of digital platforms, automation of KYC/AML and consideration of the specifics of local markets. COREDO’s practice confirms: a flexible approach to compliance allows expanding the customer base without increasing risks.
  • Choosing reliable partners for legal support and AML services is a key success factor when entering new markets. COREDO’s experience shows: comprehensive support at all stages: from company registration to obtaining licenses and implementing new standards – ensures clients sustainable growth and minimization of operational and reputational risks.

Key findings and recommendations

Confidence in compliance is not only formal adherence to requirements, but also a strategic asset that determines the long-term success of a financial business. COREDO’s practice proves: a systematic approach to risk management, the adoption of innovative technologies and continuous monitoring of regulatory changes not only minimize threats but also use compliance as a growth driver.

I recommend to entrepreneurs and executives:
  • invest in developing a compliance culture and employee training;
  • regularly assess the effectiveness of compliance and AML programs using key metrics;
  • integrate digital solutions to automate and scale compliance processes;
  • build partnerships with experts who have deep knowledge of international standards and local specifics.

In the fast-changing conditions of 2025, it is confidence in compliance that distinguishes market leaders from followers. The COREDO team is ready to be your reliable partner on this journey – providing not only expert support, but also strategic solutions that work for your success today and tomorrow.

97% of companies in the EU experience delays or errors in international payments: and this is despite decades of digitization of the financial sector.

Every third entrepreneur loses up to 12% of revenue due to inefficient payment processes and non-obvious fees. Why, despite technological development, do payment transparency and security still raise questions? How can you adapt to the new rules if cross-border operations are the foundation of your business in Europe, Asia or the CIS?

In 2025 the EU payment directive reaches a new level: PSD3 changes not only technical standards but the very philosophy of payment regulation. The new payment rules affect everyone: from fintech startups to large international holdings. At stake are access to EU payment systems, competitiveness and business security.

In this article I, Nikita Veremeev, CEO of COREDO, share a practical guide to implementing PSD3: from strategic changes to concrete steps for legal support and ROI optimization. If you want not just to meet the new requirements but to use PSD3 to scale and protect your business, I recommend reading the piece to the end. Here — only current solutions tested in practice by COREDO in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

What is PSD3 and why is it important for payments in the EU?

Illustration for the section «What is PSD3 and why is it important for payments in the EU?» in the article «PSD3 new rules and changes in the payment sphere»

Payment Services Directive 3 (PSD3): the third generation of pan-European rules for regulating payment services, replacing PSD2.

PSD3 does not merely update existing standards; it shapes a new ecosystem for all market participants: banks, non-bank PSPs, fintech companies and corporate clients.

The main objective of PSD3 is to ensure the security, transparency and innovation of EU payment services amid rapid digitalization. The directive strengthens EU payment regulation, closes the gaps of PSD2 and creates conditions for the emergence of new financial products, the integration of open banking services and effective fraud prevention.

COREDO’s practice confirms: implementing PSD3 is not just a legal formality but a strategic tool for business development, increasing competitiveness and entering new markets.

This is especially true for companies operating in multiple jurisdictions, where the harmonization of rules is critical for scaling and optimizing payment processes.

Comparison of PSD2 and PSD3: key differences

Aspect PSD2 PSD3
Security Implementation of SCA Stricter SCA requirements, new authentication methods
Access for PSPs Limited for non-bank PSPs Equal access conditions for all PSPs
Fraud prevention Initial measures Expanded information sharing, improved monitoring
Fee transparency Partial Mandatory disclosure of terms and fees
Cross-border payments Fragmented regulation Harmonization and elimination of forum shopping
Innovation Support for Open Banking Expansion of digital innovations and API integrations

Key changes of PSD3 in the payments sector

Illustration for the section «Key changes of PSD3 in the payments sector» in the article «PSD3: new rules and changes in the payments sector»

The main changes of PSD3 in the payments sector affect a wide range of issues, from enhancing payment security to strengthening user rights and introducing new technological standards. The new directive is designed to adapt regulation to the realities of the modern digital market and create a more competitive, transparent and protected environment for all participants in the payment ecosystem.

Payment security and Strong Customer Authentication (SCA)

PSD3 raises payment security standards to a new level. Strong customer authentication (SCA) now becomes mandatory not only for banks but for all payment service providers (PSPs), including non-bank organizations. New authentication methods include biometrics, digital identifiers and multi-factor solutions, which minimize the risks of fraud and unauthorized access.

COREDO’s experience has shown: integrating innovative SCA solutions not only increases security but also speeds up the customer identification process, which is especially important for scalable fintech platforms.

Transparency of fees and payment terms

PSD3 requires mandatory disclosure of all fees, terms and risks to customers. This creates new transparency standards and protects consumer rights in payments. For companies, this means revising client offers, automating information disclosure and implementing new tools for monitoring fees.

The COREDO team implemented projects to automate information disclosure for large PSPs, which reduced the number of customer complaints and increased trust in the service.

New rules for PSP access to payment systems

One of the key changes: equal access conditions for all PSPs, including non-bank organizations. Whereas banks could previously restrict access to payment systems, PSD3 now enshrines the right to non-discriminatory access for all licensed providers.

This opens up new opportunities for fintech companies and promotes competition. A solution developed at COREDO for one non-bank PSP allowed it to increase its market share in the EU by 18% within 6 months by quickly entering new payment systems.

Information sharing on fraud between PSPs

PSD3 requires all market participants to share information about fraudulent operations and suspicious transactions. This creates a unified monitoring ecosystem and allows for prompt responses to new threats.

In COREDO’s practice, implementing centralized data exchange systems between PSPs reduced incident response time from 72 to 18 hours.

Transaction monitoring and fraud prevention

New standards for transaction monitoring and the automation of AML processes are among PSD3’s priorities. Implementing advanced transaction analysis systems, integrating with KYC and AML modules, and mandatory reporting of suspicious operations become an integral part of payment infrastructure.

COREDO supports clients at all stages of implementing such solutions, ensuring compliance not only with PSD3 but also with national regulatory requirements.

Strong customer authentication under PSD3

PSD3 tightens SCA requirements by introducing new authentication methods: biometrics, one-time digital identifiers, integration with mobile devices and APIs for open banking. For businesses, this means the need to update IT infrastructure and review customer journeys.

I recommend starting SCA implementation with an audit of current processes and selecting solutions that comply not only with PSD3 but also with GDPR standards and national data protection laws. In COREDO projects we use multi-factor solutions that are easily scalable and integrate with existing systems.

Transparency and consumer rights in payments

PSD3 requires full disclosure of information about fees, timelines and risks of payment services. This increases trust and allows customers to make informed choices when selecting a provider. For companies, it is a call to automate disclosure processes and revise client offers.

The project implemented at COREDO to automate tariff disclosure for one of the large PSPs reduced the number of customer complaints by 27% already in the first quarter after implementation.

Access of non-bank PSPs to payment systems

PSD3 removes barriers for non-bank PSPs by enshrining the right to equal access to EU payment systems. This changes business models and requires a revision of legal market entry strategies.

As part of COREDO’s consulting support for a European fintech provider, a comprehensive project was implemented to legally formalize access to payment systems, which enabled the client to speed up the launch of new services and reduce operating costs.

Thus, the implementation of PSD3 opens new opportunities for fintech development in the EU and creates the prerequisites for changing approaches to international settlements.

Impact of PSD3 on Cross-Border Payments

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PSD3 harmonizes the rules for cross-border payments in the EU and eliminates the phenomenon of forum shopping — when companies choose the jurisdiction with the least stringent regulation. Now requirements for transparency, security and reporting become uniform across all EU countries, and also affect interaction with jurisdictions in Asia and Africa.

The regulatory changes in PSD3 2025 require companies to review their AML and KYC processes, implement automated transaction monitoring systems, and provide regular reporting on suspicious transactions.

In COREDO’s practice, support for the implementation of PSD3 in international structures includes:

  • Legal audit and adaptation of internal policies to the new requirements.
  • Integration of AML and KYC modules taking into account the specifics of each jurisdiction.
  • Staff training and development of procedures for cross-border operations.

This is especially relevant for companies operating with multiple currencies and markets, where unified standards help minimize risks and improve the efficiency of payment processes.

How to prepare your business for PSD3?

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The introduction of PSD3 opens a new chapter for the entire payments industry, requiring companies to rethink their approach to regulation and the security of financial services. To effectively prepare a business for PSD3, it is important to understand how these changes will affect processes, market participants’ roles, and the handling of customer data.

Impact of PSD3 on business and payments

The first step is a detailed audit of current payment processes, assessing compliance with the new PSD3 requirements and analyzing the business model for risks and opportunities.

The COREDO team recommends using structured checklists and conducting a gap analysis to identify weak spots and growth areas.

PSD3 implementation and system integration

Implementing PSD3 requires not only technical changes but also a review of operational procedures, automation of reporting, and integration with external APIs (for example, for open banking).

COREDO’s experience shows that phased integration, starting with critical processes (SCA, AML, transaction monitoring), helps minimize risks and ensure business continuity.

Training staff on new requirements

Successful PSD3 implementation is impossible without regular staff training and the creation of a compliance culture. This includes training on new security standards, AML/KYC procedures, and handling customer data.

COREDO develops tailored training programs for PSP teams and corporate clients, enabling rapid adaptation to the new rules.

Legal support and PSD3 risks

Legal support for PSD3 implementation is a key factor in minimizing the risk of fines and reputational damage. It is important not only to properly document all internal policies but also to ensure their regular updating in line with changes in national and European legislation.

In COREDO’s case studies, PSD3 implementation support enabled clients to avoid fines totaling more than 2 million euros and to ensure successful passage of regulatory inspections.

Evaluating ROI of PSD3 implementation and key metrics

Implementing PSD3 is an investment in security and competitiveness. To evaluate ROI, it is important to consider not only direct costs but also the reduction of operational risks, customer base growth, and increased market trust.

Key metrics: payment processing speed, reduction in the number of incidents, market share growth, reduced time for compliance procedures.

This will require not only technological modernization but also a review of business processes at all levels to successfully meet the new PSD3 requirements.

How to adapt your business to PSD3 requirements?

  • Conduct an audit of payment processes and identify areas of non-compliance.
  • Implement new SCA solutions and update the IT infrastructure.
  • Automate disclosures and reporting.
  • Integrate AML/KYC modules and train staff.

Next, we will consider the key aspects of legal support for PSD3 implementation in different regions.

Legal support for PSD3 in Europe, Asia and Africa

  • Draft internal policies and procedures taking PSD3 and national laws into account.
  • Ensure timely registration and Licensing of companies in new jurisdictions.
  • Minimize legal risks through regular audits and documentation updates.

Scaling payments with PSD3

  • Use new access opportunities to payment systems to expand the business.
  • Optimize operational processes and automate compliance functions.
  • Introduce innovative products based on open banking and digital identifiers.

Innovations and the Future of Payments with PSD3

Illustration for the section «Innovations and the Future of Payments with PSD3» in the article «PSD3: new rules and changes in the payments sphere»

PSD3 is becoming a driver of the digital transformation of payment systems and the financial sector. The integration of Open Banking, the development of digital identifiers, and the implementation of innovative customer authentication methods are opening new horizons for fintech startups and large companies.

COREDO’s solutions in API integration and digital identifiers allow clients to quickly launch new products that meet all security and transparency requirements.

PSD3 also contributes to the development of AML systems, the automation of transaction monitoring, and the creation of a unified ecosystem to combat fraud. This is especially important for companies operating at the intersection of multiple jurisdictions and currencies.

Conclusions and recommendations for entrepreneurs and executives

PSD3: this is not just another EU directive, but a fundamental transformation of the entire payments industry. For successful adaptation it is important to:

  • Conduct an audit and modernize payment processes to meet the new requirements.
  • Implement innovative solutions in the areas of SCA, AML and information disclosure.
  • Ensure legal support at all stages of PSD3 implementation.
  • Use new opportunities to scale the business and enter international markets.
  • Assess the effectiveness of PSD3 implementation by ROI, risk reduction and increased customer trust.
COREDO’s experience shows: a comprehensive approach and timely preparation not only allow compliance with the new rules, but also make it possible to use PSD3 as a tool for sustainable growth and enhanced competitiveness in the global market.
In the world of international business, where the cost of a single mistake can be measured in millions, only 38% of entrepreneurs believe that their personal safety and the physical business security are truly protected at an appropriate level (IFSEC Global data, 2024).

Thousands of cases of threats to founders, attempts at corporate espionage and attacks on business assets are recorded annually in Europe, Asia and Africa — and most of them occur not in war zones but in developed financial centres.

But why, despite technological advances and tightening regulatory requirements, do founders’ personal security and investors’ corporate security still remain vulnerable?

Is it worth relying solely on standard physical security measures if modern threats are becoming increasingly hybrid — combining cyber risks, social engineering and local specificities? How do you assess the ROI of investments in security if a real threat may emerge years later? And most importantly, which strategies actually work when it comes to protecting the business and the personal safety of founders in the context of international expansion?

In this article I will share COREDO’s experience accumulated over years of working with company registration, obtaining financial licences, AML consulting and building comprehensive security for clients in the EU, Asia and the CIS. You will learn how to integrate best practices in physical security, legal standards and modern technologies to protect founders, operators and investors. Read the article to the end — here you will find not only answers to pressing questions but also strategic ideas that will help take corporate security to a new level.

Personal security of company executives

Illustration for the section “Personal security of company executives” in the article “Personal and physical security for founders, operators and investors”

The personal security of company executives is becoming an increasingly complex task: modern threats go far beyond physical protection and require a comprehensive digital and organizational approach. Executives face new risks every day, from targeted cyberattacks to leaks of personal information, which makes timely assessment of personal security risks a key element of corporate protection.

Assessing personal security risks in business

In COREDO’s international practice we find that assessing personal security risks for founders and top managers requires a systemic approach. Geopolitical changes, the rise of cyber threats and increasing competition lead to new scenarios: from targeted attacks on executives in countries with high levels of corruption to attempts to apply pressure through family members or insiders.

To analyze threats, the COREDO team uses comprehensive methodologies: from classic risk assessment (ISO 31000) to dynamic monitoring of local and industry risks using AI analytics. For example, when a client enters the Southeast Asian market we consider not only the crime situation but also cultural specifics that may affect the perception of an executive’s status and vulnerability.

Assessment methods include:

  • Structured threat analysis (threat mapping) taking into account the specifics of the region and industry.
  • Monitoring mentions in the media and social networks to identify potential pressure campaigns.
  • Assessment of corporate risks related to insider threats and corporate espionage.
COREDO’s practice confirms: only the integration of objective data and expert assessment makes it possible to identify real points of vulnerability and build an effective strategy for managing personal security risks for business operators.

Practical personal security measures

COREDO’s implemented projects show that personal security and VIP escort are not only physical protection, but also the construction of a multi-layered protection system. In Europe and Asia, biometric access control technologies are increasingly used, allowing the risk of unauthorized entry to be minimized even if classical identifiers are compromised.

Key measures include:

  • Use of professional personal escorts who have been trained in international security protocols (for example, Executive Protection standards).
  • Implementation of biometric access control systems (face recognition, fingerprints) integrated with corporate security systems.
  • Development and regular updating of security protocols for executives, including incident response scenarios, training on preventing social engineering and accompaniment during business trips.
The COREDO team implemented training projects for clients’ top managers in Europe and Singapore, where special attention was paid not only to physical protection but also to digital hygiene, publicity management and personal data protection.

Physical security and protection of companies

Illustration for the section “Physical security and protection of companies” in the article “Personal and physical security for founders, operators and investors”

Physical security and protection of companies: this is the foundation for protecting people, property and the uninterrupted operation of the business. A well-thought-out system of physical measures and rules makes it possible to prevent threats related to unauthorized access, theft or equipment damage, and provides peace of mind for employees and clients.

Physical security of companies – measures and rules

Physical security of business: it is not just perimeter guarding, but a system that combines video surveillance, alarms, monitored security and access control with digital solutions. In COREDO practice, effective projects were built on the principle of integration: physical security and access control are complemented by video surveillance analytics, and alarm systems by the capability of emergency call and remote monitoring.

Key elements of comprehensive business security:

  • Implementation of intelligent video surveillance systems with face recognition and behavior analysis functions (AI-powered CCTV).
  • Multi-level access control, including biometrics and smart cards, with the ability to integrate with ERP and HR systems.
  • Alarm systems and monitored security, providing instant responresponse to incidents.
  • Integration of physical and digital protection measures – for example, automatic blocking of access when anomalies are detected in the behavior of employees or external visitors.
COREDO’s experience in EU countries and Singapore confirms: only a comprehensive approach makes it possible to minimize the risks of unauthorized access, theft and sabotage, and also to raise the level of corporate security.

Scaling security during international expansion

Scaling security systems for international companies requires taking into account local risks and cultural specifics. For example, in Asia and Africa issues of physical security are closely linked to local traditions and perceptions of the owner’s status, and in Europe: to strict regulatory requirements for personal data processing and access control.

Solutions developed by COREDO include:

  • Adapting security standards to the specifics of the region (for example, taking into account GDPR requirements in the EU and local regulations in Singapore).
  • Use of AI and analytics to predict threats: automated monitoring systems allow detecting anomalies and potential incidents before they escalate.
  • Implementation of scalable security platforms that easily integrate with local services and enable centralized risk management when expanding business into the EU and the CIS.

COREDO’s practice shows: taking into account cultural and geopolitical specifics, as well as a flexible security system architecture, is the key to successful scaling and reducing business security costs.

Thus, competent scaling of security systems creates a foundation for the sustainable development of the company: next we will consider aspects of investment protection and asset preservation.

Investment security and asset protection

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Investment security and asset protection become a priority for companies and individuals operating at the international level. For effective protection of capital, it is important to understand the main risks investors face in international business and how to build a response strategy in advance.

Main risks for investors in international business

Investor security is not only capital protection, but also minimizing the risks associated with corruption, corporate espionage and insider threats. In a number of jurisdictions in Asia and Africa, the level of corporate crime and attempts to pressure investors remains high, especially when working with foreign partners.

The COREDO team regularly encounters the following threats:

  • Attempts at unauthorized access to corporate information through insiders.
  • Corporate espionage using digital and physical data collection methods.
  • Pressure on investors through manipulation of corporate structures and assets.
To protect founders and investors, COREDO applies multilevel risk analysis, and also implements protocols to counter insider threats and corporate espionage.

Physical security and investor protection: best practices

In Asia and Africa, best practices for physical security for investors include a combination of individual and corporate measures, as well as the use of innovative technologies. For example, the implementation of biometric access control systems and secure zones for storing corporate data significantly reduces the likelihood of information leakage.

Key solutions:

  • Individual physical security protocols for key investors, including accompaniment at public events and business meetings.
  • Use of innovative solutions: secure vault rooms, biometric authentication systems integrated with corporate IT platforms.
  • Security risk insurance – as a tool for protecting investments from unforeseen events, including physical threats and cyber incidents.

COREDO’s experience in supporting transactions in the EU and Asia shows that only a comprehensive approach to investor security allows not only to protect assets, but also to increase the trust of partners and clients.

Thus, the practice of comprehensive investor protection becomes especially effective when taking into account regional specifics and preparing for the integration of AML policies and physical security for legal entities.

Integration of AML and physical security for legal entities

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Integration of AML and physical security for legal entities is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of growing financial risks and threats to corporate structures. The link between anti-money laundering measures and physical protection helps comprehensively manage vulnerabilities of legal entities and minimize the consequences of violations.

AML compliance and physical security: links and risks

In modern conditions, the integration of AML (Anti-Money Laundering) and physical security becomes a key element of corporate security. International standards – such as ISO 31000 (risk management) and ISO 27001 (information security): require not only procedural but also physical control over access to critical data and assets.

COREDO’s practice shows: implementation of AML procedures significantly reduces the risks not only of financial crimes, but also of attacks on the company’s physical facilities. For example, when registering legal entities in the EU and Asia, an audit of access control systems and physical protection of corporate data becomes mandatory.

AML compliance enhances business security through:

  • Verification of counterparties and employees, minimizing the risk of insider threats.
  • Mandatory monitoring of access to financial and legal documents.
  • Integration of digital and physical security protocols for legal entities.

Integration and risk management: practical advice

For effective integration of AML and physical security, the COREDO team recommends:

  • Develop comprehensive security protocols combining physicalphysical, digital, and procedural measures.
  • Regularly train staff not only in AML procedures but also in methods for preventing physical threats (for example, responding to attempts of unauthorized access).
  • Use modern monitoring and analytics technologies to detect anomalies in the behavior of employees and visitors.
COREDO’s implemented solutions in the EU and Singapore show: only a systematic approach allows not only to comply with international standards but also to actually reduce the level of corporate risks.

Legal security: key aspects

Illustration for the section 'Legal security: key aspects' in the article 'Personal and physical security for founders, operators and investors'

Legal security covers key mechanisms for protecting a company from legal risks and uncertainties that arise when doing business in different regions of the world. *Key aspects*, such as proper company registration and ensuring legal compliance with the requirements of the EU, Asia and Africa, form a solid foundation for successful and lawful business development.

Company registration and security in the EU, Asia and Africa

Registration of legal entities with security in mind: this is not just a formality, but a strategic stage on which the resilience of the business depends. In the EU and Asia regulatory requirements are becoming stricter: when licensing financial and crypto companies, audits of physical and information security systems are mandatory, as well as the implementation of access control protocols and the protection of personal data.

COREDO’s experience shows that taking security issues into account at the registration stage allows:

  • Reduce the time to obtain licenses due to compliance with international standards.
  • Minimize risks when working with foreign investors and partners.
  • Avoid legal disputes and fines for non-compliance with corporate security requirements.

In Africa, special attention is paid to the physical protection of facilities and access control, as well as adapting security standards to local realities.

Thus, choosing a reliable private security company becomes the next key step in ensuring comprehensive business security.

Choosing a private security company for cooperation

The key aspect is choosing reliable partners to provide comprehensive business security. Criteria that the COREDO team uses when selecting private security companies:

  • Compliance with international standards (for example, certification to ISO 31000, possession of licenses).
  • Willingness to adapt services to the unique risks of entrepreneurs and the specifics of the region.
  • Transparency of processes, availability of reporting, and integration with corporate security systems.

COREDO’s practice confirms that only partnering with professional security providers capable of rapidly responding to incidents and offering tailored solutions ensures long-term business protection.

Assessing the effectiveness of investments in security

Assessing the effectiveness of investments in security is becoming an increasingly important task for companies, since investments are aimed not only at technical means but also at preventing potential losses, whose assessment is difficult before real threats arise. To form a balanced protection development strategy, it is important to use transparent and understandable metrics and KPIs that allow an objective judgment of the usefulness and effectiveness of such investments.

Metrics and KPIs for assessing system security

For an objective assessment of the effectiveness of security systems, COREDO uses a set of metrics and KPIs, including:

  • Number of prevented incidents (attempted breaches vs. actual incidents).
  • Threat response time (response time).
  • Employee and management satisfaction levels with the security systems.
  • ROI (return on investment) in security, the ratio of security costs to prevented losses.

Using analytics and regular reporting makes it possible not only to monitor effectiveness but also to optimize security expenditures.

How to assess the return on investment in business security?

The return on investment in security services for business owners and investors is not only direct financial indicators but also strategic advantages: increased partner trust, reduced legal and operational risks, and reputation protection.

In COREDO’s practice, ROI calculation is based on comparing the costs of implementing comprehensive security measures and the potential losses from incidents (for example, data theft, physical intrusion, corporate espionage). Case examples show that even with moderate investments in modern access control systems and staff training, it is possible to avoid losses that exceed costs by dozens of times.

Key conclusions and recommendations on the topic

Personal safety of founders, physical security of the business, and protection of investors are not one-off measures but a systemic process requiring continuous development and integration of new technologies. COREDO’s experience proves: only a comprehensive approach combining legal, technological, and organizational solutions enables effective management of corporate risks and ensures long-term business resilience.

Practical steps for entrepreneurs, operators and investors:

  • Start with risk assessment and the development of individual security protocols.
  • Integrate AML procedures with physical and digital protection.
  • Use modern technologies (AI, biometrics, analytics) for monitoring and threat forecasting.
  • Choose security partners capable of offering adaptive and transparent solutions.
  • Regularly review and scale the security system depending on regional and industry changes.

Comprehensive security is not only asset protection but also a competitive advantage in the international market. COREDO remains your reliable partner at all stages – from registering legal entities and obtaining licenses to building corporate security systems that meet the highest global standards.

The development of young entrepreneurs’ businesses today is closely linked to rapid technological changes and the emergence of new opportunities to start one’s own business with minimal investment. It is important to understand current trends and challenges in order to find promising niches and successfully grow in the context of 2025–2030.

Trends and challenges of youth business 2025–2030

Young entrepreneurs today operate in conditions where global economic trends and technological innovations are changing the rules of the game faster than ever. By 2030, it is expected that the share of companies founded by young leaders will exceed 40% of new registrations in the EU and Southeast Asia. Key trends include:

  • Digitalization of business processes: automation, remote teams, online sales are becoming the norm rather than a competitive advantage.
  • Increased demands for compliance and transparency: tightening AML and KYC procedures, especially for fintech and crypto startups.
  • Market globalization: young companies immediately orient themselves toward international expansion and scaling of young companies’ businesses.
  • A shift toward sustainable business development and social responsibility: investors and customers increasingly choose companies with ESG strategies.
The practice of COREDO confirms: successful young entrepreneurs not only track trends, but integrate them into their business model from day one.

Digital technologies and transformation of business models

digital technologies in business have become not just a tool but the basis of competitiveness. In recent years, the COREDO team has implemented dozens of projects where the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI), IoT and process automation allowed young companies to make a qualitative leap.

  • The impact of artificial intelligence on business: AI helps automate analytics, forecast demand, optimize marketing and even detect suspicious transactions within AML procedures.
  • The Internet of Things (IoT): IoT solutions allow young entrepreneurs to monitor production processes, logistics and service in real time, reducing costs and increasing transparency.
  • Digital transformation of small and medium-sized businesses: according to COREDO’s experience, implementing CRM, ERP and cloud platforms accelerates growth and scaling of young companies, making them more agile and investment-attractive.

Business models and technologies for entrepreneurs

Illustration for the section 'Business models and technologies for entrepreneurs' in the article 'Young entrepreneurs: features of business development today'

Business models and technologies for entrepreneurs today are becoming a key tool for creating a sustainable and scalable business, especially in the context of rapid digitalization and changing market needs. Subscription models not only provide steady revenue but also help build long-term customer relationships, which is especially relevant for youth projects and startups in new niches.

Subscription business models for youth projects

The subscription model (subscription business model) has gone beyond SaaS and become a universal tool for startups in education, e-commerce, fintech. Examples of successful subscription startups supported by COREDO in the EU and Asia show:

  • Advantages: predictable cash flow, high customer loyalty, the ability to scale quickly.
  • Key metrics: retention rate, LTV, CAC, which allow objectively measuring ROI for young businesses.
In 2025, subscription business models are becoming the foundation for the sustainable development of young entrepreneurs’ companies, especially in highly competitive markets.

Implementation of blockchain and smart contracts

Blockchain in entrepreneurship is not only about cryptocurrencies but also smart contracts, asset tokenization, and transaction transparency. Solutions developed at COREDO for fintech startups in Estonia and Singapore allow:

  • Reduce compliance costs through automation of KYC/AML procedures.
  • Provide intellectual property protection through decentralized registries.
  • Speed up deals and reduce legal risks through automatic execution of smart contract conditions.
Best practices for implementing blockchain technologies in startups include integration with existing ERP systems and compliance with international security standards.

Online platforms and business incubators for startups

Online platforms for startups and business incubators are becoming an entry point for young entrepreneurs into the international ecosystem. COREDO’s experience shows:

  • Accelerators provide not only funding but also access to mentors, legal and AML support, which is critical for entering foreign markets.
  • Crowdfunding platforms allow quick hypothesis testing and raising initial investments, minimizing financial risks.

Legal support and company registration for entrepreneurs

Illustration for the section 'Legal support and company registration for entrepreneurs' in the article 'Young entrepreneurs: features of business development today'

Legal support and company registration for entrepreneurs allow not only to protect the business from legal risks but also to ensure its effective development across various jurisdictions. Professional support at the stages of registration and operation is important for complying with all legal requirements and minimizing potential problems.

Registration of legal entities in the EU, Asia and Africa

Registration of legal entities in the EU and Asia for startups requires taking into account the specifics of each jurisdiction. In practice, COREDO has supported projects in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Cyprus, Estonia, Singapore, the UAE and the United Kingdom. Key aspects:

  • EU: strict requirements for charter documents, structure transparency, mandatory KYC for all beneficiaries.
  • Singapore: registration is possible only through licensed providers, a local secretary and address are required, a high level of digitization of the process.
  • Dubai: free economic zones offer incentives but require a detailed business plan and proof of funding sources.

Features of company registration in Asia and Africa include the need to adapt to local regulatory requirements and cultural specifics of doing business.

Thus, effective company registration is impossible without comprehensive implementation of digital and compliance procedures, including integration of AML services, which is discussed in more detail in the next section.

AML services and compliance for small businesses

AML (Anti-Money Laundering) and KYC procedures are becoming a mandatory element for any startup, especially when working with international payments and investments. COREDO’s practice has shown:

  • AML services for small and medium-sized businesses include the development of internal policies, staff training, and the implementation of automated transaction monitoring systems.
  • Compliance is not only adherence to formal requirements but also protection of the business from reputational and financial risks.

Legal support for international startups

Legal support for cross-border business requires expertise in intellectual property, data protection, and tax planning. COREDO’s experience in supporting startups in EU and Asian markets has shown:

  • Legal risks and business protection are key issues at the stage of scaling and entering new markets.
  • International standards (GDPR, FATF, PSD2) are becoming mandatory for startups targeting a global customer.

Risk management and social responsibility of youth business

Illustration for the section 'Risk management and social responsibility of youth business' in the article 'Young Entrepreneurs: Features of Business Development Now'

Risk management and social responsibility of youth business are becoming key tools for the sustainable development of modern startups. By applying these practices, young entrepreneurs can not only protect their projects from threats but also create a positive impact on society and strengthen trust in their business.

Risk management for startups: best practices

Risk management and compliance are the foundation of long-term resilience. COREDO’s solutions for young companies include:

  • Development of risk-mapping: identification of key threats (regulatory, financial, operational) and the implementation of tools to minimize them.
  • Liability insurance and the implementation of crisis response protocols, especially when entering foreign markets.

Social entrepreneurship and social responsibility

Youth social entrepreneurship is becoming a trend: according to Deloitte, more than 70% of young founders consider corporate social responsibility (CSR) a criterion for success. The impact of social responsibility on investment attractiveness manifests in:

  • Increased loyalty of customers and partners.
  • Access to ESG financing and international grants.
  • Building a positive brand in highly competitive markets.

Sustainable development strategies and eco-startups

Business sustainability requires integrating environmental and social standards from day one. Eco-startups and green technologies supported by COREDO demonstrate:

  • High demand in EU and Asian markets for products and services that align with the principles of sustainable entrepreneurship.
  • Long-term development strategies for young entrepreneurs’ companies include implementing circular business models, calculating the environmental footprint, and reporting on ESG metrics.

Metrics and scaling of young businesses

Illustration for the section 'Metrics and scaling of young businesses' in the article 'Young Entrepreneurs: Features of Business Development Now'

Metrics and scaling of young businesses are fundamental tools for assessing a company’s current state and making decisions about further growth. It is the analysis of key metrics that allows a startup to understand how effectively resources are being used and when the time for scaling has come. Below we will look at which indicators are important for evaluating the effectiveness of a young business and how they influence scaling strategy.

ROI metrics for evaluating startup effectiveness

ROI metrics for young businesses: these are not only financial indicators but also data on customer engagement, speed of innovation adoption, and business process efficiency. COREDO’s experience has shown:

  • How to measure ROI when implementing digital technologies: analyze not only direct savings but also indirect effects (faster time-to-market, reduced errors, increased customer satisfaction).
  • Efficiency metrics: NPS, churn rate, CAC, LTV, which allow an objective assessment of scaling potential.

Scaling businesses of young companies

Scaling and entering international markets is the next step for young companies. COREDO’s solutions include:

  • Step-by-step expansion planning: analyzing jurisdictions, optimizing tax burden, selecting reliable partners.
  • How to scale young entrepreneurs’ businesses with minimal risks: use hybrid business models, test hypotheses in pilot markets, implement automation and digital tools for quality control.

Financial planning and investments: how to attract funds

Financial planning and investment attractiveness are critical factors for startups. COREDO’s practice:

  • Interaction with venture funds and investors: preparation of investment memorandums, legal soundness of the structure, transparency of financial reporting.
  • Crowdfunding and alternative sources of financing: using online platforms to raise capital, diversifying investors, implementing sustainable financing models.

Practical tips for young entrepreneurs

Illustration for the section 'Practical tips for young entrepreneurs' in the article 'Young Entrepreneurs: Features of Business Development Now'

  • Study the specifics of registering legal entities in the EU, Asia, and Africa: choose the jurisdiction taking into account the industry, licensing requirements, and tax burden.
  • Implement digital technologies in business: automation, AI, IoT, blockchain are an integral part of a competitive business model.
  • Ensure legal support for startups and compliance with AML/KYC: this minimizes the risks of account freezes and investment refusals.
  • Build your business based on principles of sustainable development and social responsibility: this increases investment appeal and customer loyalty.
  • Use performance metrics and ROI for young businesses: analyze not only profit, but also growth rate, quality of customer experience, and innovation.
  • Plan scaling for young companies in advance: test markets, build partner networks, invest in process automation.

SEO article conclusion

Business development for youth in 2025-2030: it’s not only about finding new ideas, but also the ability to strategically build processes, integrate digital technologies, comply with international legal standards, and create sustainable business models. COREDO’s experience shows: a comprehensive approach combining technological expertise, legal integrity, and a focus on long-term development becomes the key to success for young entrepreneurs in the global market.

If you are ready to take your business to the next level and are looking for a reliable partner for registration, licensing, AML consulting, and comprehensive support, the COREDO team is always open to dialogue and new projects.

Your ambitions, our expertise.

81% of B2B companies in Europe and Asia lose up to a third of their marketing budget due to incorrect definition of ICP: the ideal customer profile.

This is not just a statistic from a recent Forrester report, but a reality that the COREDO team faces every day, helping businesses enter new markets, obtain licenses, and build compliance strategies. Why, despite the availability of analytical tools, do so many companies continue to use a scattergun approach, instead of building precise targeting, personalizing offers, and focusing on customer value?

What if your marketing and sales could work 2-3 times more effectively simply by correctly defining the ICP? How can you find and retain the very target audience that will not only deliver maximum ROI but also become a source of long-term growth and business resilience?

In this article I will share practical tools, strategies, and case studies that the COREDO team applies for international clients: from registering legal entities in the EU, Asia, and Africa to obtaining financial licenses and implementing AML consulting.

If you want to understand how to define the ICP for legal support, AML services, and company registration in different jurisdictions, read to the end. Here you will find not only answers but also concrete steps for business growth and scaling.

What is an ICP and how does it differ from a target audience (TA)?

Illustration for the section 'What is an ICP and how does it differ from a target audience (TA)?' in the article 'Defining ICP: why it matters and how to find a target audience'

ICP and TA are two terms that often appear in marketing and sales, but they represent different concepts. To build truly effective communications with customers, it’s important to understand how the ideal customer profile (ICP) differs from the broader concept of the target audience (TA), and how this approach helps companies focus on those who will bring the greatest value.

Definition of ICP: what is it?

ICP (Ideal Customer Profile) is a detailed description of a company or person who is most likely to gain the maximum value from your product or service and to bring the greatest revenue to the business over the long term. Creating an ideal customer profile is the foundation of any B2B marketing, especially in legal and financial consulting, where the cost of mistakes is high and sales cycles are long.

In COREDO’s practice we start by building a client portrait: we analyze the industry, company size, decision-making structure, geography, regulatory requirements, as well as behavioral patterns — for example, how decisions are made about registering a company in the EU or choosing an AML service provider. Such a profile is always based on real data, not hypotheses.

Differences between ICP and the broader target audience

The target audience is a broad circle of potential customers who may be interested in your product. The ICP is the “concentrate” of that audience — the segment with the greatest potential for growth and high customer value (Customer Value). Segmenting customers by ICP allows you to avoid spreading resources thin and to focus on those who deliver the maximum customer lifetime value (CLV) and predictable return on marketing investment.

COREDO’s experience has shown: if you build a marketing strategy only around the broad target audience, you risk low sales conversion, high lead-generation costs, and customer retention problems. Market segmentation and building an ICP make it possible to create personalized communications, improve lead quality, and optimize the sales funnel.

Why ICP is important for international businesses and lawyers?

In international legal support and AML consulting, requirements for clients and businesses are much higher than in most other fields. For example, Registration of legal entities in the EU, Asia, or Africa requires not only an understanding of local legislation but also a deep analysis of risks, compliance, and regulatory adherence.

A solution developed by COREDO for one European fintech company showed that a correctly defined ICP not only helped accelerate obtaining a license, but also reduced the risk of regulator refusal. In the B2B legal services segment, ICP becomes a tool for risk management, improving AML effectiveness, and building long-term client relationships.

The Importance of ICP for Business Growth

Illustration for the section «The Importance of ICP for Business Growth» in the article «Defining ICP: why it matters and how to find the target audience»

The importance of ICP for business growth cannot be overstated: a clear profile of the ideal customer not only helps focus resources but also forms the foundation for effective growth. Understanding who brings the most value to the company allows companies to increase ROI, optimize marketing, and achieve strong financial results.

The Impact of ICP on Marketing and ROI

The importance of ICP for business cannot be overstated: it becomes a “beacon” for the entire marketing strategy.

Accurate data on the ideal customer profile make it possible to choose relevant promotion channels, craft a value proposition, and forecast marketing ROI. International studies (for example, Gartner, 2024) confirm: companies that integrate ICP into their marketing strategy achieve a 30–50% increase in sales conversion and a 20–40% reduction in customer acquisition cost (CAC).

COREDO’s practice confirms: using ICP in B2B legal services not only increases the effectiveness of marketing campaigns but also quickly identifies “bottlenecks” in communications, optimizes budgets, and improves key performance indicators (KPIs).

ICP and Sales Funnel Optimization: How to Identify and Set Up

An accurate ICP is the key to high sales conversion. When the sales department works with a lead that fully matches the ICP profile, the likelihood of a deal increases 2–3 times. This is because the customer is already “ripe” for purchase; their pain points and needs align with your offering.

The COREDO team implemented a project to register companies in Singapore and Estonia for clients who had undergone preliminary ICP segmentation. The result — 68% of leads moved to the contract discussion stage, and the average deal cycle shortened by 25%. This effect is achieved through targeting and retargeting, as well as ongoing work on lead quality.

Turning to retention and loyalty issues, it is important to consider how a properly constructed ICP affects long-term customer relationships and the rate of repeat business.

ICP and Customer Retention: What You Need to Know

Long-term customer retention and CLV growth are impossible without an accurate ICP. If a company focuses on its “own” clients, customer loyalty and repeat sales increase while retention costs decrease. COREDO’s practice shows: implementing ICP in legal support and AML services makes it possible to build individual retention strategies, personalize the customer experience (Customer Experience), and increase customer loyalty.

How to determine ICP: methods and steps

Illustration for the section "How to determine ICP: methods and steps" in the article "Defining ICP: why it is important and how to find the target audience"

How to determine ICP: methods and steps is not a one-off exercise, but a comprehensive process that requires a careful approach at every stage. Only through collecting and analyzing relevant data can you form a profile of the ideal client that best aligns with your business goals and ensures effective returns from marketing and sales.

Collecting and analyzing data for ICP

First step: collecting and analytics of client data. This uses both internal CRM systems and external sources (reporting, market research, Big Data). At COREDO we analyze not only demographic parameters but also behavioral patterns: how clients make decisions about registering a company in the EU, which AML requirements are critical for them, and which communication channels they prefer.

Data collection technologies — from automated CRMs to Big Data tools — allow building dynamic ICP profiles and quickly responding to market changes. This approach is especially important for international business, where compliance requirements and AML may change annually.

ABCD client segmentation for accurate ICP

One effective method is ABCD client segmentation. It allows dividing the database into four categories:

  • A – key clients with maximum value and growth potential;
  • B: promising but less stable clients;
  • C, low-margin clients;
  • D: irrelevant or problematic clients.

At COREDO we use ABCD segmentation to assess the client base when registering legal entities in Europe and Asia, as well as when implementing AML services. Such analysis helps determine which segments to focus on to increase marketing ROI and optimize the sales funnel.

Building ICP for legal support and AML services

  • Analyze current clients: who brings the highest revenue, demonstrates strong loyalty, and poses minimal risk?
  • Study industry trends: which companies most often seek registration in the EU or licensing in Singapore?
  • Implement regular ICP audits: the market changes, and the ideal client profile should be updated at least once a year.
  • Use personalization technologies: marketing automation and integrating ICP into CRM allow quickly adapting offers to the needs of different segments.

COREDO’s solution for one fintech client included building ICP based on analysis of the client base and industry data, which made it possible to increase conversion in B2B sales of legal services by 42%.

Mistakes in defining ICP and how to avoid them

Illustration for the section «Mistakes in defining ICP and how to avoid them» in the article «Defining ICP: why it matters and how to find the target audience»

Mistakes in defining ICP can cost a business not only time but also significant resources, since a poorly compiled profile leads to ineffective client management and lower conversion rates. To avoid common pitfalls and increase returns from sales and marketing, it is important to know the main mistakes when creating an ICP and to establish the right approach in advance.

Common mistakes in creating an ICP

  • Focusing on an overly broad or abstract client profile.
  • Ignoring behavioral and legal specifics of the market.
  • Insufficient data analysis and lack of regular ICP updates.

COREDO’s experience shows that such mistakes lead to problems with scaling the business, decreased marketing effectiveness, and higher customer acquisition costs.

All this negatively affects the resilience of law firms, especially in the context of tightening AML requirements, which will be discussed in more detail later.

Consequences of an incorrect ICP for legal businesses and AML

  • Reduced marketing ROI due to low lead relevance.
  • Increased risk of AML non-compliance and fines when working with unsuitable clients.
  • Loss of competitive advantages in international markets.

In one of COREDO’s case studies for a client entering the UK market, an incorrectly defined ICP led to delays in obtaining a license and a 30% increase in the cost of marketing campaigns.

How to minimize risks and adjust the ICP?

  • Implement regular ICP reviews: at least every 6–12 months.
  • Use feedback from the sales department and clients to update the profile.
  • Integrate compliance and AML requirements data into the ICP structure.

The COREDO team recommends building the ICP updating process as part of the risk management system and strategic planning.

ICP for finding a target audience in international legal business

Illustration for the section “ICP for finding a target audience in international legal business” in the article “Defining ICP: why it matters and how to find a target audience”

An ICP for finding a target audience in international legal business is a tool that allows you to systematically describe the key characteristics of potential clients, taking into account the specifics of global markets. The approach to forming an ICP helps law firms accurately determine who to target when entering new countries and regions and to build development strategies that consider the characteristics of each target group.

Features of ICP for the markets of Europe, Asia and Africa

International business requires taking into account clients’ cross-cultural characteristics, differences in legislation and industry specifics. An ICP for companies in Europe and Asia should consider not only business size and industry, but also parameters such as compliance requirements, language and cultural barriers, and decision-making peculiarities.

In COREDO’s practice of registering legal entities in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Cyprus and Singapore, we take into account local regulatory requirements as well as behavioral patterns of clients from different regions. This approach allows adapting the ICP to regional specifics and increasing sales conversion.

How ICP helps choose promotion channels

An accurate ICP is the foundation for selecting effective promotion channels: from specialized B2B platforms to personalized email campaigns. Using an ICP in marketing enables building targeting and retargeting, personalizing offers and optimizing the marketing funnel.

COREDO’s solution for one client in the AML services sector included integrating the ICP into an automated CRM system, which reduced cost per lead by 35% and improved lead quality for the sales department.

Examples of applying ICP in legal support and AML

  • For a fintech company entering the EU market, the COREDO team built an ICP based on analysis of the client base and industry trends, which increased conversion in B2B sales by 42%.
  • In a company registration project in Singapore, using an ICP reduced the deal cycle by 25% and increased client satisfaction.
  • Implementing an ICP in AML consulting for an international payment system identified and eliminated 18% of irrelevant leads, reducing risks of regulatory non-compliance.

Conclusions and recommendations for entrepreneurs and executives

  • Start by analyzing current customers: identify who brings the most value and demonstrates high loyalty.
  • Collect and analyze data: use CRM, Big Data, external research, and feedback from the sales team.
  • Implement ICP into marketing and sales: integrate the customer profile into the CRM system, automate personalization and targeting.
  • Adapt ICP for international markets: consider cross-cultural specifics, local regulatory requirements, and industry specifics.
  • Update ICP regularly: at least once a year, and more often when entering new markets.
  • Avoid mistakes: don’t target an overly broad profile, and don’t ignore behavioral and legal particularities.
Benefits of a proper ICP Risks from errors in the ICP
Increase in marketing ROI Decrease in marketing effectiveness
Improved lead quality Higher customer acquisition costs
Acceleration of the sales cycle Problems scaling the business
Reduction in AML risks and fines Risks of non-compliance
Increased customer loyalty Loss of competitive advantages
Improved customer experience Decrease in CLV and repeat sales

Conclusion of the SEO article

Defining an ICP is not just a marketing tool but a strategic asset for legal support, AML services, and the registration of legal entities in international business. In-depth analysis, regular updates, and the integration of the ICP into business processes help minimize risks, increase marketing effectiveness, and ensure long-term growth.

If you want to take your business to the next level, start by building or optimizing your ICP. The COREDO team is ready to share the experience and tools that will help you find and retain your “own” clients: in Europe, Asia, and around the world.

In 2024 the average damage from a single successful cyberattack on business in Europe and Asia exceeded $4.45 million – and this figure continues to grow year after year despite advances in protection technologies.

Why, despite investments in firewalls, DLP and antivirus solutions, do companies still fall victim to cybercriminals? The answer lies in weaknesses in business processes and non-obvious vulnerabilities that cannot be identified without a comprehensive security assessment.

How often have you wondered what exactly in your IT infrastructure could become an entry point for an attack?
And are you prepared to demonstrate to a regulator compliance with GDPR or ISO 27001 if a request for a compliance audit arrives tomorrow?
Over the years the COREDO team has implemented hundreds of projects in information security auditing, registering legal entities in the EU and Asia, obtaining financial licenses and supporting compliance processes.
We see how a properly organized security audit becomes not just a formality, but a strategic tool for protecting assets, reputation and sustainable business growth. In this article I share COREDO’s practical experience so that you can not only understand the rules and principles of security assessment, but also implement the best practices that actually work in international markets.

Read the material to the end; you will get not only answers to the most pressing questions but also a clear strategy to improve your company’s security.

Basic rules of security audit

Illustration for the section 'Basic rules of security audit' in the article 'Security audit: rules and principles of security assessment'

Security audit: it is not a one-off check but a systematic process that forms the foundation of cybersecurity and business protection.

At COREDO we proceed from the view that any rules of a security audit should be built on three key principles: confidentiality, integrity and availability of data (CIA triad). This triangle underpins international standards ISO 27001, SOC 2, PCI DSS and GDPR, which define requirements for information protection in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

COREDO’s practice confirms: an effective security assessment is impossible without strict adherence to a compliance audit, a procedure aimed at confirming that a company’s internal policy complies with international and national regulatory requirements.

For example, in the EU it’s GDPR, in the United Kingdom: the UK Data Protection Act, in Singapore – PDPA. Importantly, legal support during a security audit becomes an integral part of the process: it allows correct interpretation of regulators’ requirements, minimizes the risk of fines and ensures transparency for shareholders and partners.

In each project the COREDO team adapts the rules of the security audit to the specifics of the industry, the scale of the business and regional standards. This approach makes it possible not only to identify technical vulnerabilities but also to eliminate organizational and legal gaps that often cause incidents.

Thus, COREDO’s systemic approach to security audit provides comprehensive protection of the business at all levels: from technologies to legal aspects, which is especially important when preparing for the next stages of inspection.

Company security audit: methods and stages

Illustration for the section 'Company security audit: methods and stages' in the article 'Security audit: rules and principles of security assessment'

Security audit: a multi-layered process that includes both internal and external security audits, as well as a combination of automated and manual methods.

This approach gives an objective picture of the company’s security posture.

Classification of SEO methods

  • An internal security audit is conducted by company employees or engaged specialists familiar with internal processes. It is effective for regularly assessing compliance with policies and procedures.
  • An external security audit is performed by independent experts, which allows obtaining a fresh perspective and identifying vulnerabilities that may have been missed internally.
  • Automated audit – using vulnerability scanners, SIEM systems, and monitoring tools for rapid assessment of a large number of systems.
  • Manual audit – in-depth analysis of specific processes, business logic, assessment of the human factor and non-standard scenarios.

Stages of a comprehensive security audit

  1. Planning and preparation: defining objectives, scope and criteria for the security assessment. At this stage COREDO develops an individual audit plan taking into account industry and regional specifics.
  2. Information gathering and vulnerability assessment (Vulnerability Assessment): analysis of IT infrastructure, business processes, access policies, penetration testing (penetration testing), identification of weak spots.
  3. Analysis and evaluation of security risks: correlating identified vulnerabilities with potential threats and business risks, prioritizing corrective measures.
  4. Documentation and reporting: preparing a report with detailed descriptions of the problems found, assessment of their criticality and recommendations for remediation.
  5. Corrective actions and monitoring: implementing measures to eliminate vulnerabilities, regular monitoring of the effectiveness of changes.

In conditions of remote work and distributed IT infrastructure, security auditing of cloud services, VPNs, remote access tools and privilege control becomes especially important. The solutions developed at COREDO allow effective adaptation of security audit processes for hybrid and international teams.

Internal and external security audits: what you need to know?

Internal security audit addresses the tasks of regular monitoring of policy enforcement, identifying procedure violations and employee training. It is especially useful for companies with developed internal expertise and a mature information security management system.

External security audit is necessary for independent assessment, obtaining an objective opinion for shareholders, investors or regulators, as well as when preparing to obtain financial licenses (for example, crypto, forex, payment services). The COREDO team has repeatedly conducted external audits for European and Asian companies entering new markets or integrating with international partners.

A separate area is the audit of third parties and service providers. In modern supply chains, contractors often become sources of risk.

COREDO’s practice shows that regular security checks of partners minimize the likelihood of incidents related to external integrations.

Tools for security audit

Illustration for the section «Tools for security audit» in the article «Security audit rules and principles of security testing»

A modern security audit is impossible without specialized tools and technologies. At COREDO we use a comprehensive approach, combining SIEM systems (Security Information and Event Management), vulnerability scanners (for example, Qualys, Nessus), user activity monitoring systems and audit automation.

artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly used to analyze large volumes of events, detect anomalies and predict incidents.
for example, the implementation of AI algorithms allowed one of COREDO’s clients in Singapore to reduce threat detection time from several days to several minutes.

The choice of tools depends on the scale of the business:

  • For small businesses, cloud solutions with automated reports are sufficient.
  • Medium companies implement SIEM and integrate vulnerability scanners.
  • Large international groups use customized platforms with support for multi-tenant and distributed analytics.

The key challenge is scaling security audit processes as the company grows. COREDO’s solutions provide phased tool implementation, which allows adapting the security audit to the expansion of IT infrastructure without losing effectiveness.

Compliance audit: compliance with international standards

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Compliance audit: it is not just a formal inspection, but a strategic element of risk management and maintaining trust among clients, partners and regulators.

In the EU and the UK, special attention is paid to compliance with GDPR requirements; in Asia, to local data protection laws (for example, PDPA in Singapore).

Preparing a company for a security audit requires not only technical but also legal expertise. The COREDO team supports clients at all stages: from analyzing corporate policies to interacting with regulators. This approach makes it possible to avoid fines and preserve reputation even in the event of an incident.

Special attention is paid to the registration of EU legal entities and obtaining financial licenses: these processes are impossible without undergoing a compliance audit and confirming compliance with international standards (ISO 27001, SOC 2, PCI DSS). At COREDO we develop individual roadmaps for audit preparation, taking into account industry specifics and regional requirements.

Effectiveness of security audit and impact on business ROI

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The assessment of the effectiveness of a security audit is built on key metrics: the number of identified and remediated vulnerabilities, incident response speed, level of standards compliance, reduction in incidents after implementing recommendations. At COREDO we use integrated dashboards to track trends and provide transparent reporting to management.

A security audit helps identify hidden vulnerabilities in business processes that can lead to financial losses or business disruption.
One of COREDO’s recent cases is an audit of a European fintech company, where, thanks to a comprehensive check, it was possible to prevent a personal data leak and avoid a GDPR fine of 2% of annual turnover.

The impact of a security audit on business ROI is expressed in direct savings: prevented incidents, reduced response costs, increased trust from clients and partners. Integrating audit results into the risk management strategy not only minimizes threats but also increases the company’s investment appeal.

Thus, the security audit becomes an integral part of the risk management strategy and a guarantee of the organization’s sustainable development: practical recommendations for conducting it are provided below.

Practical tips for conducting a security audit

Practical tips for conducting a security audit help companies not only identify weaknesses in their protection systems but also organize processes in accordance with international standards. For large international organizations, it is especially important to integrate best audit practices to ensure reliability and uninterrupted operation across different countries and jurisdictions.

How to organize a security audit in an international company?

  • Appoint persons responsible for information security at each regional level.
  • Use the best methodologies (ISO 27001, NIST, CIS Controls) and adapt them to the specifics of your business.
  • Implement regular employee training processes to reduce the impact of the human factor.
  • Plan the audit taking into account company growth and distributed IT infrastructure.
  • Integrate the security audit into the overall risk management system using automated tools for data collection and analysis.

The impact of the human factor on employee training

According to COREDO’s experience, more than 70% of incidents are associated with employee mistakes or lack of awareness.

Regular training, phishing simulations and access control significantly reduce the likelihood of successful attacks.

Frequency of conducting an SEO audit and scaling

It is recommended to conduct a comprehensive security audit at least once a year, and also after significant changes in IT infrastructure or business processes. For fast-growing companies, COREDO implements phased scaling of the audit, which allows timely identification of new risks.

Incident management and response

Development and testing of incident response plans(incident response) – a mandatory stage of a mature security audit.

This ensures not only rapid restoration of operations but also minimization of damage to the business.

Security audit in Europe, Asia and Africa

Each region imposes its own requirements on security audits. In the EU, GDPR and ISO 27001 standards dominate, in Asia, local data protection laws, in Africa – national regulations, often less formalized but requiring special attention to legal aspects.

Legal and cultural characteristics affect the approach to audits: for example, in Singapore special attention is paid to the transparency of corporate structures and AML compliance, and in the United Kingdom: protection of personal data and audits of third parties.

COREDO’s solutions take these nuances into account, as evidenced by successful cases of registering legal entities and obtaining licenses in various jurisdictions.

Key takeaways and steps for business

  • Organizing and conducting a security audit – a strategic task requiring a systematic approach, adaptation to international standards and consideration of regional specifics.
  • Minimizing risks and increasing the company’s security level is possible only by integrating audits into risk management processes, regular staff training and the use of modern tools.
  • Legal support and choosing reliable partners, such as COREDO,: the guarantee of successfully passing a compliance audit and protecting business interests at the international level.
  • Control and continuous improvement of security processes must become part of corporate culture, not a one-off initiative.

By implementing the best practices of security audits, you not only protect assets and reputation but also create a foundation for long-term growth and trust from clients, partners and regulators.

Every 39 seconds there is an attempted cyberattack worldwide, and the average cost of a personal data breach for an international company will exceed $4.5 million by 2025. But the figures are only the tip of the iceberg. The real blow: the loss of customer trust, paralysis of business processes and legal consequences that can threaten the very existence of a company.

Imagine: one unsecured account – and your data are already on the shadow market, while competitors and attackers discuss them on the Dark Web.

How quickly can a business recover after a personal data breach? What measures actually work not only to stop the leak but also to minimize damage, restore reputation and strengthen protection for years to come?

At COREDO my team and I have faced such challenges more than once – and each time developed solutions that allowed our clients not only to survive the crisis but to emerge stronger.

This article: a practical guide based on our experience and the best international standards. Read to the end to get a step-by-step instruction for protection after a personal data breach, understand the legal nuances and implement comprehensive methodologies that really work for businesses in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

Personal data breach – what it is and the threat to business?

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A personal data breach is not just a technical failure or an accidental employee mistake. It is an event in which confidential information (names, addresses, financial data, the digital identities of customers and employees) becomes accessible to third parties without the company’s permission.

Causes: from phishing attacks and targeted cyberattacks to internal vulnerabilities and access management errors.

In practice the COREDO team has repeatedly encountered situations where a company’s data breach led to immediate legal consequences: the EU enforces strict GDPR, in Asia there are national data protection laws, and international bodies require AML (Anti-Money Laundering) measures directly related to preventing digital identity theft and financial fraud.

Any mistake, and the business risks facing multi-million fines, account freezes, and investigations by regulators.

Cyberthreats and cyberattacks are particularly dangerous when data ends up on the Dark Web, where it is used for phishing attacks, extortion, and compromising business processes. COREDO’s practice confirms: the consequences of a breach are not only direct financial losses but also long-term reputational risks, legal liability for the data leak and the need for large-scale recovery after a data breach.

Data protection after a breach: 5 steps

Illustration for the section 'Data protection after a breach: 5 steps' in the article 'Protection after a personal data breach: a 5-step guide'

Recovery after a data breach requires a systemic approach where every minute counts. Over years of work the COREDO team has developed a five-step strategy that not only minimizes damage but also creates a foundation for long-term personal data protection.

Five steps:

  1. Rapid detection and damage assessment
  2. Immediate response and threat containment
  3. Legal support and regulatory compliance
  4. System restoration and damage minimization
  5. Implementation of comprehensive protection methodologies and security scaling

Rapid detection and damage assessment

First rule: speed is critical. As soon as there is suspicion of a personal data breach, it is necessary to immediately start data breach monitoring using specialized tools.

At COREDO we use solutions that monitor the appearance of corporate information on the Dark Web, analyze anomalies in network traffic and record unauthorized access to systems.

Damage assessment includes:

  • determining the volume and type of compromised data (financial information, digital identity, customer databases);
  • analysis of affected processes and systems;
  • identification of affected individuals and counterparties.

A comprehensive security audit carried out in the first hours not only limits the scale of the incident but also gathers evidence for subsequent legal support.

It is important to engage automated data breach monitoring systems integrated with the internal information security incident management system.

Response and threat containment immediately after detection

The next step is rapid response. The solution developed at COREDO involves the immediate blocking of vulnerabilities, isolation of affected network segments and temporary restriction of access to prevent further leakage of company data.

Key measures:

  • implementing two-factor authentication for business (or multi-factor authentication, MFA) on all critical accounts;
  • mandatory use of password managers to generate and store complex unique passwords;
  • activation of data loss prevention (DLP) tools that automatically block suspicious activity.

As part of emergency measures it is important to notify responsible services and, if necessary, involve external cybersecurity experts. COREDO’s practice has shown: the faster the threat is contained, the lower the chances of re-compromise and data spreading on the shadow market.

After the operational actions are completed, it is crucial to promptly move on to legal support and ensure compliance with all company regulations.

Legal support and regulatory compliance

Legal side: one of the most complex and critical. In the EU there is an obligation to notify regulators and affected individuals of a data breach within 72 hours (Article 33 GDPR).

In some Asian and Middle Eastern jurisdictions the timelines and procedures for notification may differ, but the liability for non-compliance is always high.

I recommend:

  • prepare official notifications for clients and partners indicatingthe nature of the incident, the measures taken and recommendations for protection;
  • document all incident management actions for subsequent reporting and compliance;
  • engage legal advisors with expertise in AML and GDPR to support the investigation and minimize fines and regulatory risks.

COREDO’s experience confirms: registration of a legal entity in the EU and other international jurisdictions with a well-thought-out data governance structure can increase the level of protection and reduce legal liability for data breaches.

System recovery and damage minimization

Recovery after a data breach: it’s not only a technical process but a set of organizational and communication measures. At this stage it is important to:

  • restore all affected systems from backups, ensuring their integrity and absence of malicious code;
  • conduct analysis and update internal control and privacy policies;
  • organize communication with clients and partners, providing transparent information about the measures taken.

Managing reputational risks requires a special approach: restoring customer trust is possible only through honest and open dialogue, as well as by demonstrating real changes in the data protection system.

At COREDO we implement risk management in information security that not only minimizes the consequences of an incident but also lays the foundation for the long-term resilience of the business.

Implementing protection and scaling security

The final, but no less important step is building a system capable of preventing the recurrence of an incident and maintaining a high level of protection as the business scales.

Effective personal data protection is impossible without:

  • developing and regularly updating privacy and internal control policies;
  • automating cybersecurity using modern SIEM systems, DLP, monitoring and incident response tools;
  • integrating AML processes to prevent fraud and comply with international standards (ISO 27001, NIST).

Scaling data protection in international business requires considering local regulatory requirements, building a unified security architecture, and continuous employee training.

COREDO practice confirms: only a comprehensive approach provides long-term ROI from investments in cybersecurity and data protection.

In current conditions, the key task becomes not only protection against external threats but also readiness for effective response when incidents occur – we will tell more about the steps to prepare a business for data breaches in the next section.

How to prepare a business for data breaches?

Illustration for the section «How to prepare a business for data breaches?» in the article «Protection after a personal data breach: a 5-step guide»

Personal data protection is not a one-time action but an ongoing process. The most effective preventive measures that the COREDO team implemented for clients in the EU and Asia include:

  • Implementing multi-factor authentication and password managers at all levels of access.
  • Regular comprehensive security audits, including penetration testing and vulnerability analysis.
  • Training employees in methods to prevent phishing attacks and proper response to information security incidents.
  • Building a data leak monitoring system that allows rapid detection and response to suspicious activity.
  • Developing and implementing a personal data leak risk management policy that includes response and recovery scenarios.

These measures not only reduce the likelihood of an incident but also ensure rapid recovery after a data breach, minimize damage, and preserve customer trust.

Personal data protection: laws and requirements

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International business faces a multi-level regulatory system. GDPR applies in the EU, the UK Data Protection Act in the United Kingdom, PDPA in Singapore, and the UAE has its own data protection laws. Each regulation imposes strict requirements on the collection, storage, processing, and transfer of personal data.

Registration of legal entities in the EU, Czechia, Slovakia, Cyprus, Estonia, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Dubai requires integrating AML services and building a compliance system that meets international standards. Legal liability for a data breach includes not only fines but also possible restrictions on business operations, reputational losses, and obligations to remediate damages.

I recommend:

  • regularly update internal policies in accordance with the current requirements of local and international regulators;
  • use legal support during data incidents to minimize risks and ensure proper interaction with supervisory authorities;
  • integrate AML services into the data protection system to prevent fraud and money laundering.

Key conclusions and steps for entrepreneurs

Step Brief description Key actions
1 Rapid detection and damage assessment Start monitoring, audit, analysis of affected data
2 Immediate response and containment Block vulnerabilities, implement MFA, notify services
3 Legal support Notifying regulators and clients, compliance, documentation
4 Recovery and damage minimization System recovery, communication, reputation management
5 Implementing comprehensive methodologies Automation, ISO 27001/NIST standards, training, scaling

Priority recommendations:

  • First and foremost, invest in cybersecurity automation and building a monitoring system.
  • Allocate resources for regular employee training and legal support.
  • Evaluate ROI from investments in cybersecurity not only through the prism of prevented losses, but also through growthcustomer trust and the ability to scale the business to new markets.

COREDO’s experience shows that only a systemic approach and the implementation of comprehensive personal data protection methodologies make it possible not just to recover after an incident, but also to turn cybersecurity into a strategic advantage.

The shift from reactive incident response tactics to building a resilient protection system directly affects the effectiveness of SEO strategies and business growth.

FAQ and practical SEO case studies

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What are the first steps after a data breach?

  • Start monitoring, isolate the threat, notify responsible parties, and begin legal support.

How should clients be notified?

  • Transparently, promptly, with concrete recommendations to protect their data.

Which standards are most relevant?

  • ISO 27001, NIST, GDPR, as well as local regulations in each jurisdiction.

COREDO case: For one company that experienced a financial data breach in the EU, the COREDO team implemented a step-by-step plan: from rapid incident detection to legal support and the deployment of DLP systems. The result: minimized damage, no fines, and restoration of customer trust within 3 months.

Useful resources:

  • Official regulator websites (GDPR, PDPA, UK DPA)
  • ISO and NIST information security guides
  • Leak monitoring tools (Dark Web monitoring, DLP systems)

This guide is not just a set of recommendations. It is the result of COREDO’s many years of experience, a synthesis of the best international practices, and a deep understanding of business realities in the EU, Asia, and the CIS. Personal data protection today is an investment in resilience, trust, and the future of your company.

Generative Engine Optimization is a new field that emerged at the intersection of search technologies and artificial intelligence.

Understanding its principles and technologies makes it possible to adapt content for generative search systems that produce ready-made answers rather than just returning links.
In this section we will look at how GEO methods and algorithms actually work and why they are becoming critically important for modern promotion.
Let’s examine the key technological foundations and algorithms that underlie generative optimization.

GEO technologies and algorithms: what are they?

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Generative Engine Optimization is based on integrating content with generative neural network algorithms and LLMs that generate answers to user queries in real time.

Modern search engines use technologies such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Gemini, GigaChat, YandexGPT, where content is ranked not only by keywords but also by expertise, structure, sources, and semantic completeness.

The COREDO team implemented projects where optimization for LLMs included:

  • creation of expert knowledge blocks,
  • integration of generative systems’ APIs,
  • adaptation of legal terminology for AI.
AI assistants in information search now determine which content will appear in neuro-answers and which will go unnoticed.

Search engine ranking and neuro-answers

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To appear in search engine neuro-answers, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of how AI answer blocks are formed:

  • structured data for AI (Schema.org, JSON-LD),
  • links to authoritative sources in generative SEO,
  • completeness of topic coverage taking user intent into account.
COREDO’s practice has shown that law firms that have integrated structured data and expert links receive up to 60% more impressions in Google and DeepSeek neuro-answer blocks.

In generative optimization, the transparency of sources, the relevance of content for LLMs, and compliance with new quality standards play a key role.

Differences between GEO and traditional SEO: what you need to know

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  • Focus on semantics and expertise, not just keywords.
  • The need to integrate GEO into corporate SEO strategy: classic methods (link building, technical optimization) are complemented by generative content optimization.
  • The influence of AI ranking algorithms on brand visibility.
COREDO’s solutions for law firms in the EU and Asia include integrating GEO with classic SEO, which ensures steady position growth and inclusion in search engine neuro-answers.

Scaling SEO by region

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Scaling SEO with GEO is possible thanks to automation and the use of APIs for generative optimization.

The scalability of AI-enabled SEO strategies allows law firms and AML projects to quickly adapt to new search engine requirements.

COREDO implements generative optimization tools that provide steady growth in visibility and conversions in Europe and Asia.

Thus, automation and generative technologies are becoming key drivers of SEO scalability in different regions, which is directly related to the need to account for GEO risks and legal nuances.

Implementing GEO into a business strategy: practical tips

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Implementing GEO into a business strategy opens up new opportunities for growth and competitive advantage: generative optimization increases a brand’s visibility to neural networks and allows you to take key positions in digital search results. Below are practical tips and a step-by-step plan for implementing GEO, adapted to the specifics of the European, Asian, and CIS markets.

Step-by-step plan for implementing GEO in Europe, Asia, and the CIS

  1. Audit the current SEO strategy and identify growth points for GEO optimization.
  2. Analysis of generative search engines’ and LLMs’ content requirements.
  3. Creation of structured data and expert knowledge blocks.
  4. Integration of generative systems’ APIs to automate content optimization.
  5. Monitoring GEO effectiveness and adjusting the strategy in real time.
The COREDO team carried out similar projects for company registration in the EU and obtaining financial licenses, ensuring rapid growth in visibility and brand trust.

How to scale SEO with generative AI

Scaling SEO with GEO requires the integration of generative neural networks and automation of content optimization.

COREDO uses APIs and generative optimization tools to rapidly scale projects in Europe and Asia, providing sustained growth in visibility and trust.

Managing reputational and legal risks in GEO

  • Assessment of GEO’s ethical and legal aspects.
  • Data protection and compliance with GDPR, AML, and KYC requirements.
  • Monitoring reputational risks and rapid response to negative neuro-answers.
COREDO’s solutions allow minimizing risks and ensuring stable business development amid digital transformation.
Thus, compliance with ethical and legal standards becomes an integral part of effective business management in the digital age and creates a foundation for implementing practical recommendations for entrepreneurs.

In 2024 the global market volume of tokenized assets exceeded $6 trillion, and by 2030 analysts forecast it to grow to $16 trillion. But behind these impressive figures there is not only technological progress, but a new reality for brokers, investors and corporate structures: the tokenization of securities is changing the very foundations of the financial market, challenging familiar models and opening opportunities that five years ago were discussed only at industry conferences.

Why has asset tokenization become a key driver of the digital transformation of finance? How can brokerage firms not only survive but scale their business amid rapidly changing standards, tighter AML and KYC, and new requirements for legal support? And most importantly, how to extract strategic advantages from this process while minimizing risks?

The COREDO team faces these questions daily, supporting clients in the EU, Asia and the CIS at all stages – from registering legal entities and obtaining financial licenses to implementing comprehensive AML procedures and bringing tokenized products to international markets.

In this article I share practical recommendations, reveal the key principles of securities tokenization, legal and compliance aspects, as well as international trends that are shaping the next-generation financial infrastructure.

If you want not just to understand the topic but to get tools for strategic business development – read to the end. Here you will find answers to the most pressing questions and receive proven solutions based on COREDO’s experience.

Tokenization of securities and impact on brokerage activities

Illustration for the section «Tokenization of securities and impact on brokerage activities» in the article «Tokenization of securities: principles and features of brokerage activities»

Tokenization of securities: the transformation of traditional financial assets into digital form, which radically changes the landscape of investing and asset management.

Such a transition affects key processes in brokerage activity, opening new opportunities for market participants and increasing the accessibility of instruments at the global level.

Tokenization of securities: what it is and how it works

Tokenization of securities is the process of transferring rights to traditional assets (stocks, bonds, shares, debt obligations) into digital form using a blockchain platform. In practice this means issuing digital tokens, each of which confirms the ownership right to a certain share of an asset.

Smart contracts play a key role here – programmable algorithms that automate the execution of transaction conditions, calculation of dividends and corporate actions.

It is smart contracts that make it possible to implement functions such as fractional ownership and the issuance of digital certificates of ownership, which make investments more accessible and more liquid.

In COREDO’s practice, implementing tokenization of shares and bonds based on international standards (for example, ERC-1400, FA2) has allowed clients not only to reduce infrastructure costs but also to ensure legal protection of investors’ rights in various jurisdictions.

Fundamentals of securities tokenization

Transparency and traceability of transactions, a fundamental principle implemented through the immutability of the blockchain ledger.

Every operation is recorded and available for audit, which significantly reduces fraud risks and simplifies compliance.

Security and token standards for securities — modern blockchain platforms support security standards (for example, ISO/TC 307, ERC-3643), which allows integrating tokenized assets with traditional financial systems and ensuring a high level of data protection.

Corporate risk management and brokers’ legal liability – tokenization requires brokers to have not only technical expertise but also a deep understanding of legal aspects, including issues of digital rights, AML/KYC and compliance.

Solutions developed at COREDO include comprehensive support for corporate risk management, integration of AML procedures and the formation of transparent business processes.

Impact of tokenization on brokerage activities

Innovative brokerage models are built on automation of transactions, reducing the role of intermediaries and the ability to scale through digital financial instruments.

Tokenization allows brokers to launch new products (for example, tokenized ETFs, bonds, derivatives) and enter international markets with minimal infrastructure costs.

Improved liquidity of digital assets is achieved through fractional ownership and the ability for secondary trading of tokens 24/7 on global platforms.

COREDO’s practice confirms: companies that have implemented tokenization record an increase in transaction volumes and a reduction in settlement times by 2-3 times.

Integrating tokens into traditional financial markets opens access to new classes of investors and allows tokenized assets to be used as collateral, a corporate financing tool, and even for building flexible investment strategies.

Characteristics of brokerage activity during asset tokenization

Illustration for the section «Characteristics of brokerage activity during asset tokenization» in the article «Tokenization of securities: principles and features of brokerage activities»

The characteristics of brokerage activity in asset tokenization manifest in new opportunities and requirements for market participants related to the digital representation of property rights through tokens.

The development of blockchain technologies and smart contracts changes conventional brokerage procedures, increasing transparency and transaction speed, as well as expanding access to various categories of assets.

Blockchain and smart contracts in brokerage operations

Implementing blockchain platforms (Ethereum, Tezos, Polygon, Hyperledger) for the issuance and circulation of digital securities provides not only automation of transactions but also transparency at all stages of an asset’s lifecycle.

Smart contracts take on the functions of settlements, income distribution, and the execution of corporate events.
The COREDO team implemented projects integrating smart contracts into brokerage processes, allowing clients to automate KYC, accelerate the listing of tokenized assets, and minimize the human factor in trade execution.

Legal requirements for brokers of tokenized assets

Legal support for asset tokenization requires a deep understanding of international and local regulation.

Particular attention is paid to token ownership rights, protecting investors’ interests, and compliance with blockchain security standards.

Brokers’ legal liability is heightened by the need to comply with AML and KYC standards, as well as data storage and processing requirements.

COREDO’s solutions include developing internal policies, preparing legal documents, and support in obtaining licenses (including crypto, payment, and brokerage licenses).

Risk management and AML/KYC procedures

AML services for companies are becoming an integral part of tokenization processes.

Integrating AML/KYC procedures into smart contracts enables automation of client identification, transaction monitoring, and corporate risk management.

In one COREDO case for an EU client, a system was implemented where each stage of issuing tokenized bonds was accompanied by an automated check for AML compliance, and all transactions were recorded in an immutable registry for subsequent audit.

Transaction transparency and traceability are a powerful tool in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing.

The use of digital certificates and integration with international databases allow brokers to timely detect suspicious operations and minimize legal risks.

Thus, modern AML procedures become the foundation of trust in tokenization, after which the legal aspects of working with tokenized securities in different jurisdictions gain particular importance.

Legal aspects of securities tokenization in Europe, Asia and Africa

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The legal aspects of securities tokenization in Europe, Asia and Africa are becoming increasingly significant against the backdrop of the global development of blockchain technologies and the emergence of new forms of digital assets.

Effective and secure tokenization requires compliance with international standards that define the legal frameworks for circulation, investor rights protection, and regulation of the tokens themselves in various jurisdictions.

International standards for securities tokenization

Tokenization regulation in Europe is based on MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation), the DLT Pilot Regime, and a number of EU directives that define requirements for issuance, circulation and custody of tokenized assets.

In Asia, key centers remain Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan, where their own regulatory sandboxes and licenses for digital securities operate.

COREDO’s practice has shown that a successful launch of tokenized products requires thorough elaboration of the legal aspects of token issuance, including preparing a white paper, smart contract audit, and obtaining approvals from local regulators.

Registration of tokenized companies by jurisdiction

Legal entity registration in the EU (for example, in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus) requires compliance with a number of procedures: name reservation, preparation of the articles of association, disclosure of beneficiary information, and KYC.

In Singapore, registration is possible only through licensed providers, and companies involved in financial services or brokerage activities require a separate license and compliance with AML procedures.

In Africa, where tokenization is only gaining momentum, adaptation to local AML and digital identification requirements is important.

The solution developed by COREDO for one client included integration of international security standards and preparation of a document package for registration in several jurisdictions simultaneously.

Impact of new regulations on brokers and tokenization

The impact of EU regulation is reflected in tightening requirements for transparency, investor protection and mandatory integration of AML/KYC at all stages of the token lifecycle.

International tokenization projects require compliance not only with European but also with Asian and African standards, which complicates legal support.

The COREDO team assists clients with audits, licensing preparation, and implementation of internal policies for managing legal risks of tokenization, which helps minimize the likelihood of fines and blocks.

Tokenization in the brokerage business, performance evaluation

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Tokenization in the brokerage business opens up new tools to increase efficiency and competitiveness in financial markets.

Metrics for assessing the ROI of securities tokenization

ROI assessment from implementing securities tokenization includes analysis of reduced operational costs, increased asset liquidity, settlement speed, and expansion of the client base.

In COREDO projects, clients record infrastructure cost reductions of up to 40%, as well as increased transaction volumes due to entering new markets.

The impact of tokenization on capital structure is manifested in the ability to flexibly manage shares, issue new classes of tokens (for example, tokenized bonds or derivatives), and attract investments through digital platforms.

Thus, the implementation of tokenization not only transforms approaches to capital management but also opens new prospects for scaling brokerage activities.

Scaling brokerage activities through tokenization

Scaling brokerageBusiness opportunities using tokens are realized through automation of processes, integration with decentralized finance (DeFi), and the ability to offer new products (tokenized ETFs, fractional investments, digital bonds).

The risks and opportunities of DeFi for brokers require special attention to compliance, liquidity management, and the protection of investors’ rights.

COREDO’s experience shows: implementing DeFi solutions requires not only technical but also legal expertise to minimize regulatory risks.

Prospects for tokenization in Europe, Asia and Africa

Trends in the digital transformation of finance (financial revolution 3.0) include the development of regulatory sandboxes, standardization of digital assets, and growth of financial inclusion, especially in developing regions.

In Asia and Africa, tokenization contributes to access to capital, lowering barriers for investors, and the development of new models of corporate governance.

COREDO’s implemented cases confirm: integration of tokenization with traditional financial instruments allows companies not only to optimize business processes but also to create sustainable competitive advantages in the global market.

Tips for entrepreneurs and brokers

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  • The tokenization of securities requires a strategic approach: from choosing a jurisdiction to implementing security standards and integrating AML/KYC procedures at all stages.
  • Legal support for asset tokenization should include the preparation of all necessary documents, smart contract audits, and obtaining licenses in the chosen regions.
  • When choosing a blockchain platform and technologies for tokenization, it is important to consider compatibility standards (for example, ERC-1400, FA2), integration capabilities with traditional markets, and security requirements.
  • company registration, related to tokenization in the EU, Asia and Africa requires a comprehensive approach: from preparing corporate documents to undergoing KYC and AML procedures, as well as taking into account the specifics of local regulation.
  • To assess the effectiveness of tokenization projects, use ROI metrics, analyze cost reductions, increased liquidity, and product line expansion. Risk management should be built on the integration of compliance, transparency of processes, and constant monitoring of changes in international regulation.
Aspect Traditional brokerage activity Brokerage activity with tokenization
Asset ownership Full, limited Fractional ownership through digital tokens
Speed and transparency of transactions Medium, with intermediaries involved High, automation through smart contracts
Legal support Standard More complex, taking into account international regulation
Risk management Traditional methods Integration of AML/KYC, blockchain transparency
Scalability Limited High, thanks to digital tools

Final thought: Tokenization is not just a technological trend, but a fundamental change in financial infrastructure. COREDO’s experience proves: only a comprehensive approach to legal, technological and compliance aspects allows entrepreneurs and brokers not only to adapt but also to become leaders of the financial revolution 3.0.

Did you know that in 2024 the average level of bank fees for fintech companies in Europe and Asia increased by 18%, and in some jurisdictions account servicing fees for business accounts exceed 0.5% of turnover? For many entrepreneurs these are not just numbers, they are a strategic challenge that directly affects competitiveness, scaling and even the survival of a business.

Bank fees have long ceased to be an “invisible” expense item: today they are a tool by which banks can limit the growth of fintech competitors, creating barriers to innovation and access to financial services.

Why do some fintech projects grow rapidly while others face insurmountable barriers when entering new regions? How do fees and regulatory requirements shape the map of opportunities for international business? And, most importantly, what practical solutions actually work to reduce costs and improve efficiency in the face of increasing competition between banks and fintech?

In this article I will share not only analytics and current trends, but also practical strategies that the COREDO team successfully implements for clients in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

If you want to understand how bank fees affect your fintech business, what legal and operational risks need to be considered when registering internationally, and how to build partnerships with banks on favorable terms: I recommend reading to the end.
Here you will find not only a deep understanding of the problem, but also concrete solutions tested in practice.

Bank fees and fintech competition

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Bank fees: this is the charge levied by banks for various services: payment processing, account servicing, executing transactions, using payment gateways, as well as interchange and merchant fees. For fintech companies these expenses become not only an operational item, but a factor that determines growth and scaling opportunities.

Types of bank fees in fintech

Interchange fees: fees charged by issuing banks for processing card transactions, critically important for payment services and BNPL platforms. In the EU the interchange fee level is regulated, but in Asia and Africa it can be significantly higher, which affects the profitability of fintech projects.

Merchant fees: fees that payment systems and banks charge merchants for accepting cashless payments. For fintech companies providing payment solutions, this is one of the key factors in pricing and competitiveness.

Account servicing fees and international transaction fees often become a barrier to entering new markets, especially for startups and small and medium-sized businesses. For example, in some Asian banks the fee for an incoming international payment reaches 0.25–0.5% of the amount, and in Europe additional charges may be imposed for non-residents.

Regional specifics: In the EU a unified policy for regulating interchange fees is in force, which creates a more predictable environment for fintech. In Asia and Africa fees vary many times over, and lack of transparency can significantly complicate financial planning.

Thus, the fee structure and the degree of their regulation directly affect the accessibility of financial services and the strategy for fintech companies entering new markets, and banks often use fees as a tool of competitive pressure, which is discussed in more detail in the next section.

How banks use fees against fintech

COREDO’s practice confirms: banks often use fees as a tool to limit fintech competition. Among the most common strategies:

  • Raising fees for new or fast-growing fintech companies, especially in the payment services and BNPL segments, which reduces their ROI and slows scaling.
  • Introducing technological barriers — for example, limited access to banking APIs or complicated integration procedures with banks’ digital ecosystems.
  • Exclusive terms for large corporate clients, while fintech companies are offered less favorable rates and service conditions.

The COREDO team implemented a project to support a European fintech company that faced a sharp increase in account servicing fees at one of the major EU banks. Thanks to optimizing the legal structure and moving part of the operations to a more favorable jurisdiction, it was possible to reduce costs by 27%, which significantly increased the project’s ROI.

The role of banks’ digital ecosystems and Open Banking is becoming increasingly significant: on the one hand, banks are forced to open access to their APIs; on the other hand, they can regulate the price and terms of this access through fees, creating additional barriers for fintech competitors.

Regulation of fees and fintech competition in Europe and Asia

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Regulatory approaches to bank fees in the EU and Asia differ significantly, which affects the strategy for fintech companies entering international markets.

Impact of regulatory measures on fintech development

The EU has a comprehensive system for regulating fees (in particular, EU Regulation 2015/751 on interchange fees), which limits maximum rates and provides transparency for market participants. This contributes to the development of competition between banks and fintech, but at the same time requires strict compliance with AML and KYC procedures.

In Asia regulation is more fragmented: Singapore and Hong Kong focus on digital identification and innovative payment systems, while India and Indonesia maintain high fees and complex procedures for foreign participants. The solution developed by COREDO for a client from Southeast Asia included structuring the business through a Singaporean legal entity to gain access to more favorable rates and simplified KYC procedures.

Measures to counter shadow business (AML/KYC) in the EU and Asia are being tightened, which, on the one hand, increases market trust, and on the other: increases costs for legal support and complace for fintech.

Let’s move on to an analysis of the legal requirements related to the registration of fintech companies and the structure of banking fees in the region’s key jurisdictions.

Legal aspects of fintech registration and banking fees

Proper registration of a legal entity in the EU or Asia directly affects access to banking services and service conditions. For example, in the Czech Republic and Estonia, fintech companies registered under local rules gain access to preferential rates and accelerated account opening procedures.

Legal risks when dealing with banks with high fees include the possibility of account blocks, tariff revisions without prior notice, and difficulties in refunding funds in disputed situations. COREDO’s practice has shown that a preliminary audit of service terms and detailed legal support help minimize these risks and ensure cost predictability.

Comprehensive legal support for fintech companies is a key tool for reducing risks, especially when entering new markets. COREDO’s experience in company registration and licensing in the EU, Singapore and Dubai allows structuring the business taking into account all regulatory and tariff features.

The impact of banking fees on innovation and inclusion

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High banking fees can hold back the development of innovative financial products, limit access to banking services for small and medium-sized businesses, and reduce financial inclusion.

For example, interchange fees and merchant fees directly affect the cost of BNPL services and credit products for end users. In regions with high fees (for example, in some countries in Africa and Southeast Asia), fintech companies are forced either to raise service prices or to reduce the range of innovative solutions.

The impact of fees on the accessibility of financial services is especially noticeable for small and medium-sized businesses: for many companies, banking fees become a barrier to switching to cashless payments and integrating with banks’ digital ecosystems.

The COREDO team supported the launch of a payment platform for the SME segment in Slovakia, where the introduction of an innovative fee pricing model (a flexible rate depending on turnover and transaction type) not only reduced client costs but also increased market share by attracting new users.

Innovative fee models, such as dynamic pricing, cashback for business clients and integration with loyalty programs, are becoming drivers of fintech development and increased financial inclusion.

Thus, choosing the optimal fee model becomes a key factor for improving competitiveness and long-term growth of fintech companies; more on this in the following recommendations for executives.

Practical advice for fintech leaders

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COREDO’s experience shows that a successful strategy for managing banking fees is built on three key elements: optimizing the legal structure, competent risk management and building partnership relations with banks and payment systems.

  • Methods to reduce banking fees: analysis of tariff plans in different jurisdictions, structuring the business through regions with more lenient regulation (for example, Singapore, Cyprus, Estonia), using multi-bank solutions and alternative payment gateways.
  • Risk management: regular audits of service terms, implementation of automated transaction monitoring systems, ensuring compliance with AML and KYC requirements, legal review of all contracts with banks and payment providers.
  • Choosing reliable partners: Registration of legal entities taking into account the specifics of the chosen jurisdiction, obtaining necessary financial licenses (EMI, PSP, crypto, BNPL), comprehensive support at all stages – from due diligence to integration with banks’ digital ecosystems.
  • Partnership with banks: leveraging API-banking capabilities, participating in pilot programs of digital ecosystems, joint development of innovative products and services.

In one of COREDO’s cases, optimizing the structure of an international fintech holding reduced total fees by 19% by moving part of the operations to jurisdictions with more transparent regulation and favorable rates for B2B clients.

Key takeaways and practical steps

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Banking fees: they are not just costs, but a strategic factor that affects the competitiveness, innovativeness and resilience of fintech companies. Their role in limiting fintech competition is especially noticeable in regions with a high concentration of traditional banks and underdeveloped regulation.

For entrepreneurs and business leaders, the key steps are:

  • In-depth analysis of tariff and regulatory conditions in selected regions.
  • Choosing the optimal jurisdiction for registration and licensing of the business.
  • Comprehensive legal support and continuous audit of contracts with banks and payment systems.
  • Strategic partnership with banks and integration into digital ecosystems.

COREDO’s practice confirms: only a systematic approach and professional support at all stages make it possible to minimize the impact of banking fees, increase the ROI of fintech projects and ensure sustainable growth even in conditions of fierce competition and rapidly changing regulation.

Fees by region: comparison of EU, Asia, Africa

Region Main types of fees Impact on fintech competition Regulatory features
EU Interchange, merchant fees High fees are holding back BNPL growth Strict AML/KYC, BNPL regulation
Asia Varied payment fees Rapid fintech growth, but with regional barriers Evolving regulation, emphasis on digital identification
Africa Transaction and servicing fees Limited access to banking services Focus on financial inclusion, less developed regulation

If you are looking for a strategic partner for registration, licensing and comprehensive support of a fintech business in the EU, Asia or the CIS, the COREDO team is ready to offer solutions proven in practice and adapted to the specifics of your project.

In a context where artificial intelligence in business becomes an integral driver of competitiveness, and international markets impose increasingly complex registration requirements, licensing and AML compliance, choosing a scaling strategy is not just a matter of efficiency, but a guarantee of survival and growth.

In this article I, Nikita Veremeev, founder of COREDO, share practical insights accumulated by our team over years of supporting AI companies in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

You will learn how to choose between Oil Wells and Pipelines, minimize risks, increase ROI from AI implementation and ensure the legal resilience of your business.

If you want not just to keep up with trends but to build an AI company growth strategy based on the best international practices — read carefully. Here you will find not theory, but practical solutions tested in a wide range of jurisdictions and industries.

AI company development strategies: Oil Wells and Pipelines

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AI company development strategies: Oil Wells and Pipelines are two fundamentally different approaches to building and scaling AI-based businesses.

Some companies dig into core processes, creating a unique accounting system (“oil well”), others build platforms that connect and automate disparate workflows (“pipeline”). Understanding the differences between these strategies is important for choosing the optimal growth path in a specific market situation.

The Oil Wells strategy in AI business: what is it?

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The Oil Wells strategy is an approach focused on rapid market capture through intensive acquisition of large clients and implementation of high-margin projects. This path is characteristic of AI companies that bet on exclusive solutions, custom implementations and one-off deals requiring significant resources and expert support.

In COREDO’s practice this strategy is often applied in projects for the oil and gas sector and the financial sector, where implementing AI solutions (for example, predictive analytics, intelligent analysis of big data, automation of business processes with AI) produces an immediate effect and high revenues, but requires large investments in the team, infrastructure and legal support.

Experience shows: despite high ROI in individual projects, the Oil Wells strategy is associated with significant risks: from dependence on large clients to difficulties with repeatability of sales and a heavy burden on legal support, especially when entering international markets and registering legal entities in the EU or Asia.

The Pipelines strategy for AI companies — what is it and why?

The Pipelines strategy is building a stable, predictable stream of clients and projects with optimized costs for acquisition and servicing. This approach involves creating standardized AI products, automating sales processes, implementing digital platforms and forming an AI ecosystem capable of scaling without proportional cost growth.

The COREDO team has implemented a number of projects where the shift to Pipelines allowed AI companies in Europe and Asia not only to reduce the cost of acquiring new clients, but also to ensure compliance transparency, effective risk management and adherence to AML requirements. This is especially relevant for companies operating with SaaS models, AI marketplaces and legal support automation services.

The advantage of the Pipelines strategy lies in the ability to forecast revenue, minimize regulatory risks, integrate AI into clients’ business processes and build long-term relationships, which is critical for international AI business.

Comparison of Oil Wells and Pipelines strategies for AI companies

Parameter Oil Wells Pipelines
Costs High at the start, unstable Optimized, predictable
ROI High in individual projects Stable, growing
Risks Dependence on large clients, regulatory complexities Distributed, manageable
Scalability Limited by resources High, thanks to automation
Stability Medium, depends on new deals High, due to repeatability

The choice of strategy depends on the stage of development of the AI company, market specifics, requirements for legal support and the maturity level of business processes. At early stages, when rapid monetization is critical, Oil Wells can provide the necessary impulse. Still, for long-term growth and entry into international markets, the Pipelines strategy shows better results, especially given modern AML and compliance requirements.

Applying Oil Wells and Pipelines strategies in the development of AI companies

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Applying the Oil Wells and Pipelines strategies opens fundamentally different but complementary paths for AI companies to grow and scale. The choice between deep integration into a key workflow (Oil Well) or building a platform that connects different systems and automates processes (Pipeline) is determined by the market character and business objectives.

Next, let’s look at how these strategic approaches are applied when scaling AI companies in Europe and Asia.

Scaling AI companies in Europe and Asia

International scaling of AI companies requires not only technological flexibility, but also a deep understanding of legal, regulatory and compliance aspects.

Registration of legal entities in the EU, Asia or Africa is accompanied by unique requirements for disclosing beneficiaries, licensing financial and AI services, and complying with AML standards.

For example, in Singapore company registration requires engaging licensed providers and strict compliance with ACRA procedures, which affects the speed and cost of market entry.

COREDO’s practice confirms: for AI companies entering the markets of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Cyprus, Estonia, the United Kingdom, Singapore or Dubai, it is critically important to build a legal support strategy in advance, integrate AI tools to automate KYC/AML processes and ensure compliance with local and international regulatory requirements.

Investing in AI and risk management during scaling

Investments in artificial intelligence are becoming increasingly structured: investors and corporate clients demand transparency, predictability and demonstrable ROI from implementing AI solutions. In practice, COREDO uses metrics such as customer LTV, CAC, speed of solution scaling and the level of business process automation to assess the effectiveness of AI investments.

Corporate risk management using AI and AML technologies is coming to the fore: modern AI tools allow not only the detection of suspicious transactions and the prevention of financial crimes, but also the automation of compliance, reducing legal support costs.

Such solutions are especially in demand in the financial sector, e-commerce and international trade.

AI integration into business and supply chain optimization

AI for supply chain optimization: one of the fastest-growing segments. Solutions developed by COREDO for clients in the EU and Asia have shown that AI integration not only enables demand forecasting and inventory management, but also minimizes logistical and regulatory risks, increases supply transparency and compliance with ESG standards.

In the oil and gas sector, implementing AI for predictive analytics and intelligent big data analysis reduces downtime, optimizes costs and increases the environmental sustainability of the business. International cases confirm: automating business processes with AI is becoming the standard for companies striving for digital transformation and sustainable development.

Choosing and implementing an AI company growth strategy

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Choosing and implementing an AI company growth strategy becomes a key factor for effective growth and long-term success in the fast-changing artificial intelligence industry. In today’s market it is important to understand which strategic approaches, such as Oil Wells or Pipelines, best match your company’s goals and product specifics. Below we will consider how to correctly determine the type of strategy and what to take into account when implementing it.

How to choose an Oil Wells or Pipelines strategy for AI?

The choice of strategy is determined by several key criteria:

  • Financial capacity: Oil Wells requires significant initial investments, Pipelines allows cost optimization.
  • Growth objectives: If the priority is rapid market entry and monetization, Oil Wells may be justified; for sustainable growth and scaling, Pipelines is preferable.
  • Market and regulatory constraints: In regions with strict regulation (EU, Singapore) Pipelines provides greater flexibility and risk manageability.
  • Degree of business process maturity: Pipelines requires developed infrastructure, automation and standardization.

To make a decision, the COREDO team recommends using evaluation methodologies that include unit-economics analysis, ROI scenario modeling, assessment of regulatory and legal risks, and an audit of current business processes for automation potential.

Scaling AI companies with two strategies

  • Building AI sales pipelines: automating lead generation, implementing CRM systems with AI analytics, standardizing product solutions.
  • Monetizing AI products: developing SaaS models, Licensing AI services, forming partner ecosystems.
  • Data governance and digital transformation: implementing machine learning tools for business analytics, integrating AI into corporate governance, building an AI ecosystem for international business.

COREDO projects implemented to scale AI companies in Europe and Asia show: combining Oil Wells at the start and transitioning to Pipelines as you grow provides an optimal balance between speed to market and long-term resilience.

Legal aspects of business scaling

  • Minimizing regulatory risks: conducting preliminary compliance audits, integrating AI tools to monitor legislative changes, automating AML processes.
  • Optimizing legal support costs: using AI to automate document workflow and contract management, deploying NLP technologies to analyze legal documents.
  • Compliance with international standards: when registering AI companies in the EU, Asia and Africa it is important to consider requirements for beneficiary disclosure, licensing of AI and financial services, and data protection (GDPR, PDPA, DPA, etc.).

Long-term prospects for AI companies under the Oil Wells and Pipelines strategies

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The long-term prospects for AI companies under the Oil Wells and Pipelines strategies are linked to how artificial intelligence transforms extraction, transportation and resource management processes in the energy sector, setting new standards of efficiency and competition. Let’s consider how different strategies, from targeted «Oil Wells» to infrastructural «Pipelines» – affect the competitiveness and resilience of AI-compain the industry.

Delving into the specifics of the Oil Wells strategy, let’s now consider how the infrastructural approaches of Pipelines shape the long-term resilience of AI companies in the energy sector.

Oil Wells Strategy and Competitiveness of AI Companies

The Oil Wells strategy provides rapid growth and high margins at the start, but is associated with risks of dependence on large clients, scaling difficulties, and high legal support costs. For AI companies oriented toward international markets, the long-term consequences may include reduced flexibility, compliance challenges, and constrained opportunities for sustainable development.

Pipelines for Long-term Business Growth

The Pipelines strategy makes it possible to build a predictable revenue stream, reduce operational and legal risks, and ensure compliance with international AML and compliance standards.

This approach contributes to the formation of an AI ecosystem, the integration of AI into corporate governance, and increased transparency of business processes.

Scaling AI Business and New Technologies

technology development in IoT, NLP, deep learning and advanced analytics of big data opens new opportunities for scaling AI companies. The adoption of AI in intellectual property management, failure prediction, AML automation and the digital transformation of legal support is becoming standard for market leaders.

The Impact of AI on Governance and Digital Ethics

AI technologies are changing approaches to corporate governance, increasing transparency, accountability and business resilience. Issues of digital ethics, data protection and intellectual property become key when entering international markets.

Solutions developed by COREDO enable the integration of AI into risk management and compliance processes, minimizing legal and reputational threats.

Key Findings and Advice for Entrepreneurs and Executives

When to apply Oil Wells Pipelines
Startup stage Fast launch, custom projects, high margin Building standard products, automation
Growth Expansion through large deals Scaling through repeatable processes
International expansion Requires complex legal support Focus on compliance, AML, standardization

COREDO Recommendations for AI Companies

  • Minimize risks: Conduct regular compliance audits, integrate AI tools to monitor legislative changes and automate AML.
  • Maximize ROI: Use performance metrics for AI projects (LTV, CAC, scaling speed, level of automation), implement predictive analytics and intelligent big data analysis.
  • Optimize legal support: Automate document flow, use NLP technologies to analyze contracts, integrate AI into KYC/AML processes.
  • Build an effective team and AI ecosystem: Form international project teams, invest in training and staff development, grow partner networks.

COREDO’s experience shows: a combination of the Oil Wells and Pipelines strategies, flexible risk management, and investments in digital transformation and legal resilience are the key to successful development of AI companies in international markets.

Statistics that give pause: according to McKinsey, by 2025 artificial intelligence (AI) will be involved in more than 60% of international trade transactions, and global investments in digital technologies will exceed $500 billion.

But behind these impressive figures lie legal pitfalls that can jeopardize business scaling, financial stability, and even the personal liability of executives.
In a world where the Commerce Clause sets the rules of the global game, and regulation of artificial intelligence becomes one of the most complex challenges for entrepreneurs in Europe, Asia, and the CIS, the question of how to ensure legal security and transparency comes to the fore.
Are you ready to learn why even successful companies lose millions due to mistakes in interpreting the legislative aspects of the Commerce Clause? How can you avoid risks and turn legal barriers into strategic advantages?
In this article I – Nikita Veremeev, founder of COREDO, share a practical guide that will help you not only understand but also effectively apply Commerce Clause legislation in the context of artificial intelligence.

Read to the end: you will receive tools that will allow your business to be one step ahead in the digital economy.

Fundamentals of the Commerce Clause and AI regulation

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The fundamentals of the Commerce Clause and AI regulation play a key role in defining who and at what level can set rules for new technologies in the US economy. Understanding the historical significance and essence of the Commerce Clause is important for assessing how the state today approaches regulation of artificial intelligence that affects interstate and international trade.

Commerce Clause – what it is and its significance in history

Commerce Clause: a key U.S. constitutional principle defining Congress’s authority to regulate interstate and international commerce.

Its historical significance lies in creating a unified legal space for commercial activity, preventing market fragmentation and ensuring federal regulation of commerce. In recent decades the Commerce Clause has become the basis for forming the legal framework of the digital economy, including regulation of financial services, e-commerce, and innovative technologies.

COREDO’s practice confirms: when registering companies in the UK, Czech Republic, Singapore, and Dubai, special attention is paid to analyzing the applicability of the Commerce Clause to cross-border transactions, especially if the business model includes elements of artificial intelligence and automation.

Commerce Clause and digital technologies: impact on AI

With the development of digital platforms, machine learning, and automated solutions, the Commerce Clause acquires new significance. Federal regulation of commercial activity now covers not only physical goods, but also digital services, intelligent agents, algorithms, and big data.

A solution developed at COREDO for a European fintech startup showed: when entering the US market it is necessary to consider not only national laws, but also the requirements of the Commerce Clause, which can limit or expand the possibilities of using AI in cross-border trade.

For example, automating contract and payment processing requires verification of compliance with federal standards, as well as adherence to consumer protection laws and algorithmic transparency.

Judicial precedents and AI regulation

Court decisions on the Commerce Clause shape the practice of applying the law to new technologies. In recent years U.S. courts have considered cases related to the use of AI in e-commerce, issues of jurisdiction, and liability for automated decisions.

The COREDO team carried out a comprehensive audit for a client from Singapore, analyzing risks associated with judicial precedents on the Commerce Clause.

As a result, recommendations were developed to minimize legal liability for decisions made by artificial intelligence, including the implementation of mechanisms for algorithmic transparency and control.

The impact of the Commerce Clause on AI in international trade

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The importance of the Commerce Clause goes far beyond domestic regulation: this article of the U.S. Constitution defines Congress’s powers to regulate commercial relations with foreign countries and within the country. In the face of the rapid development of AI and its growing role in international trade, there is a need to rethink issues of jurisdiction, liability, and legislative regulation of such transactions.

Jurisdiction and liability in AI transactions

Interstate trade and AI require a clear understanding of jurisdiction and legislative competence. The Commerce Clause regulates transactions between states and countries, but with AI additional complexities arise: automated systems can operate simultaneously in multiple jurisdictions, and data can move between the EU, Asia, and the U.S.

Our experience at COREDO has shown that when registering a legal entity in Singapore or Estonia that works with AI, it is necessary to consider not only local laws but also international agreements regulating cross-border data exchange and machine learning technologies.

Compliance issues are especially relevant when processing personal data and adhering to AML standards.

Control of cross-border data and digital trade

Legal control mechanisms include requirements for data protection (GDPR, CCPA), licensing of financial services, as well as the regulation of digital contracts with AI elements. The EU has a strict system of control over cross-border data exchange, and in Asia and Dubai there are their own security and transparency standards.

COREDO regularly supports client transactions that require AI integration into international trade.

We develop strategies that ensure compliance with laws on digital trade and cross-border transactions, minimizing the risks of Commerce Clause violations and related fines.

Thus, when integrating AI into international transactions, the proper application of Commerce Clause principles becomes particularly important, which is relevant in the context of the development of AI-driven e-commerce.

Commerce Clause and AI e-commerce — challenges of application

Regulatory challenges of artificial intelligence are related to the uncertainty of the legal status of algorithms, automated systems and intelligent agents. The Commerce Clause applies to e-commerce, but does not always take into account the specifics of AI: for example, questions of liability for decisions made by algorithms, or the legal consequences of automation of commercial processes.

COREDO’s practice confirms: to successfully scale AI products it is necessary to proactively analyze the legal barriers related to the application of the Commerce Clause, and to implement mechanisms to control algorithmic transparency and compliance with ethical standards.

This is especially relevant given the diversity of approaches to AI regulation across different continents, which will be examined further.

AI regulation in the EU, Asia and Africa: comparison

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AI regulation in the EU, Asia and Africa, the comparison becomes increasingly relevant against the backdrop of rapid development of digital technologies and growing risks associated with artificial intelligence. Different regions of the world are forming unique approaches to creating and implementing AI laws, which determines the operating conditions for companies and users in the respective jurisdictions.

Key EU AI laws and impact on business

The EU has a comprehensive legal framework for artificial intelligence: the AI Act, GDPR, directives on digital services and cybersecurity. These norms set requirements for transparency, ethics, data protection and liability for AI-made decisions. For businesses this means the need to implement compliance procedures, regular algorithm audits and documentation of decision-making processes.

The COREDO team carried out a project to register a fintech company in the Czech Republic, integrating the requirements of the AI Act and GDPR into the corporate structure.

This allowed the client to avoid fines and accelerate entry into the EU market.

Registration of legal entities using AI in the EU and Asia

Company registration for those working with AI requires consideration of specific legal requirements. In the EU it is necessary to provide a detailed description of the technologies used, control mechanisms and data protection. In Asia, the emphasis is on licensing of financial services, AML compliance and transparency of business processes.

The solution developed by COREDO for a client in Singapore included comprehensive preparation of founding documents taking into account requirements for automated systems, as well as integration of AML mechanisms and intellectual property protection.

AI regulation in Africa: trends and prospects

In Africa there is rapid development of AI legislation, but legal norms often lag behind technological trends. Main risks are associated with the lack of unified standards, difficulties in cross-border data exchange and insufficient protection of intellectual property.

COREDO’s practice has shown: to enter African markets it is advisable to use hybrid legal strategies combining international standards and local requirements, as well as to implement mechanisms for managing legal risks in cross-border AI transactions.

Legal risks and compliance for AI in business

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Legal risks and compliance for AI in business come to the forefront as artificial intelligence is implemented to automate processes, handle data and interact with customers. Companies face not only new business opportunities, but also the need to carefully account for complex legal nuances and ensure compliance with rapidly changing regulation. Proper understanding of these aspects becomes the key to safe development and reducing risks for business.

Risks of violating the Commerce Clause for businesses

Violating the Commerce Clause in cross-border AI transactions can lead to blocked operations, fines and lawsuits. Special attention should be paid to the legal consequences of using AI in financial services, where the automation of decisions requires strict control and documentation.

The COREDO team implemented a case supporting a transaction between a European and an Asian bank, integrating control mechanisms for Commerce Clause compliance and preventing legal liability risks for decisions made by artificial intelligence.

AML compliance and risk management with AI

AML services for business become critically important when implementing AI. Features of AML compliance when using AI include automation of transaction monitoring, analysis of suspicious operations and compliance with international standards (FATF, EU, Singapore).

The solution developed by COREDO for a cryptocurrency platform in Estonia ensured integration of automated AML systems, which allowed the client to obtain Licensing and avoid risks associated with money laundering and fraud.

Data protection when working with AI and compliance with GDPR, CCPA

Data protection legislation (GDPR, CCPA) imposes strict requirements on the processing of personal data, especially when using AI and big data. For businesses this means the need to implement control mechanisms, algorithmic transparency and regular process audits.

COREDO supports clients at all stagesAI implementation, ensuring compliance with legal norms for personal data protection and preventing the risks of leaks or unlawful use of information.

Legal support for businesses with AI: strategies and practices

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Legal business support with AI: strategies and practices are becoming increasingly important amid rapid technological development. Successful integration of artificial intelligence into business processes requires comprehensive solutions covering issues of liability, regulation, data protection, and ethical standards. The following sections will examine key legal aspects of working with AI, starting with contract law and the specifics of digital contracts.

Contract law and digital contracts with AI

Contract law and artificial intelligence: one of the fastest-growing areas. Digital contracts incorporating AI elements require a clear definition of the parties’ liabilities, dispute resolution mechanisms, and control over automated decisions.

The COREDO team implemented a deal support project using smart contracts in Dubai, integrating legal control mechanisms and protection of the client’s interests.

Managing the intellectual property of algorithms

Intellectual property and AI: a key issue for companies developing innovative products. The legal status of algorithms and automated systems depends on the jurisdiction: in the EU and the UK there are strict rules on registering patents and copyrights; in Asia, the emphasis is on protecting trade secrets and licensing technologies.

COREDO’s practice confirms: to successfully protect intellectual property in AI projects, it is necessary to define in advance the scope of rights, terms of transfer, and control mechanisms for the use of algorithms.

ROI assessment considering legal risks and compliance

ROI metrics when implementing AI into business processes must take into account legal challenges related to compliance, licensing, and data protection. The profitability assessment of investments includes analyzing costs for legal support, risks of litigation, and potential fines.

COREDO developed a strategy for a client from Slovakia that allows optimizing legal support costs and increasing ROI by minimizing risks and effectively managing compliance.

Key recommendations for entrepreneurs and executives

Key recommendations for entrepreneurs and executives: this is not just a set of rules, but a practical tool for reducing risks and complying with the legal requirements of business. Below are the main risks and legal requirements that leaders face, as well as recommendations for minimizing them.

Key risks and legal requirements: recommendations table

Risk/Requirement Legal mechanism/standard COREDO recommendation
Violation of the Commerce Clause Federal regulation, case law Audit transactions and implement control mechanisms
Non-compliance with AML FATF, EU, Singapore, automation of monitoring Integrate automated AML systems
Non-compliance with GDPR/CCPA GDPR, CCPA, transparency mechanisms Implement regular audits of data processing
Legal risks when scaling AI Licensing, cross-border agreements Develop a strategy for entering new markets
Insufficient intellectual property protection Patents, copyrights, licenses Register rights and implement control mechanisms
Legal liability for AI decisions Contract law, case law Document decision-making processes

Checklist on the Commerce Clause law and AI

  • Audit all cross-border transactions involving AI
  • Implement mechanisms to ensure algorithm transparency
  • Ensure AML and KYC compliance in each jurisdiction
  • Regularly audit personal data processing (GDPR, CCPA)
  • Register intellectual property for algorithms and AI systems
  • Document decision-making and automation processes
  • Develop a scaling strategy that considers international legislation

In conclusion, COREDO’s practice shows: strategic legal support for business using artificial intelligence is not just a formality, but a key success factor in the digital economy. By following these recommendations, you will be able not only to minimize risks but also to turn legal barriers into new opportunities for growth and innovation.

In 2024 the volume of private capital markets exceeded $13 trillion, which is larger than the GDP of most European countries and almost double the figures of a decade ago.

According to reports by Preqin and Bain & Company, the share of private investments in the global investment portfolios of institutional investors has risen to a record 28%.

But behind these numbers lies a much deeper shift: the very architecture of investment strategies is changing, along with requirements for legal support, compliance, and risk management.

Today entrepreneurs and chief financial officers face a new challenge: how to use the growth of private markets to scale a business without losing transparency, control, and efficiency? Why do traditional approaches to company registration, obtaining licenses, and AML support no longer work amid geopolitical turbulence, digital transformation, and tightening international standards?

I, Nikita Veremeev, am the founder of COREDO. Over the past eight years the COREDO team has executed dozens of projects for registering legal entities, obtaining financial licenses, and comprehensive support of investments in the EU, Asia, and the CIS. In this article I will not only describe the trends – you will receive practical tools and strategic ideas that will help build a resilient investment strategy, protect business interests, and increase profitability amid the rapid growth of private markets. Read to the end, here you will find answers to the questions that today determine the success of international companies.

Growth of private capital markets and impact on investments

Illustration for the section «Growth of private capital markets and impact on investments» in the article «Growth of private markets and their impact on investment strategies»

The growth of private capital markets is becoming one of the key factors shaping the modern investment environment: the global volume of this market is steadily increasing, and its influence on the structure and dynamics of investments is becoming ever more noticeable. To better understand which trends and drivers underlie such rapid development, let us examine the current processes that govern the growth of private capital markets and create opportunities for investors.

Trends and drivers of private market growth

Private capital markets: not only private equity and private debt, but also infrastructure projects, venture investments, and alternative assets. The growth of private markets is driven by several factors at once:

  • Diversification of institutional investors’ portfolios: According to McKinsey, the largest funds in Europe and Asia increased the share of private investments to 35% to reduce dependence on volatile public markets and boost long-term ROI.
  • Globalization and digitalization: Investment platforms and digital assets lower barriers to entry, allowing private investors to participate in instruments that were previously inaccessible.
  • Growing demand for infrastructure and technology projects: Europe and Asia are seeing a boom in investments in data centers, energy infrastructure, logistics, and AI startups.

COREDO’s practice confirms: our clients from the EU and Asia increasingly choose multi-asset strategies, combining private equity, venture funds, and direct investments in infrastructure. This approach not only allows risk diversification but also enables flexible responses to changes in market conditions.

How private markets are changing investment management

Scaling an investment portfolio today requires not only a careful choice of jurisdiction but also the implementation of tools to manage risks from trade conflicts and political instability. For example, in 2023–2025 many companies faced the need to revise strategies due to trade restrictions between the EU and Asian countries.

The COREDO team develops solutions that take into account:

  • Diversification by region and sector: Investments in Europe are traditionally associated with stability and transparency, while in Asia they are linked to high growth rates and innovation. The optimal strategy is to allocate assets between these regions taking into account individual risks.
  • Assessment of investment risks under instability: We apply scenario analysis, stress testing, and monitoring of political factors to minimize losses.
  • Flexible capital management: Using private banking, wealth management tools, and digital platforms allows for the prompt reallocation of resources and preservation of portfolio liquidity.

The growth of private markets requires investors not only to adopt new approaches to asset management but also to gain a deep understanding of political and economic risks, especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa.

In this context it is particularly important to assess new investment trends and opportunities that are shaping global capital markets.

Investment trends 2025 in Europe, Asia, and Africa

Illustration for the section «Investment trends 2025 in Europe, Asia, and Africa» in the article «Growth of private markets and their impact on investment strategies»

Investment trends in 2025 in Europe, Asia, and Africa are defined by rapid structural shifts and a search for new growth points against the backdrop of global economic and technological transformation. In conditions of high uncertainty, investors concentrate on projects related to confidence in infrastructure development and AI implementation, which shapes new priorities and capital flows across regions.

Main investment areas: infrastructure and AI

In 2025 investment trends are shifting toward infrastructure projects, real estate, and tech startups. Special attention is paid to:

  • Data centers and energy infrastructure: Demand is growing in Europe and Asia for assets that enable digital transformation and sustainable development.
  • Investments in AI and robotics: According to a PwC report, up to 20% of new private investments in Asia are directed to startups related to artificial intelligence and automation.
  • ESG investments: Environmental, social, and governance factors are becoming key criteria when evaluating investment projects, especially for institutional investors.

Solutions developed at COREDO enable clients to efficiently structure deals taking into account ESG factors and the requirements of international regulators.

Regional specifics and opportunities

  • European market: Characterized byhigh degree of regulation, transparency and protection of investors’ rights. Registration of legal entities in the EU requires strict compliance with AML and compliance, but provides access to large financial instruments and government programs supporting innovation.
  • Asian market: Venture investments and private equity dominate here, especially in the fields of technology and infrastructure. In Southeast Asian countries there is active growth of investment platforms and digital assets.
  • African market: Opens new opportunities for long-term investments in energy, telecommunications and logistics, but requires special attention to legal and political risks.

COREDO’s experience has shown that for a successful entry into Asian and African markets it is critically important not only to choose the right company structure, but also to provide comprehensive legal support at all stages.

Impact of sanctions on investments and trade

Sanctions and trade restrictions are becoming one of the main factors shaping investment strategies in 2025. For example, restrictions on the export of technologies from the EU to some countries in Asia and Africa require careful counterparty due diligence and the implementation of international AML standards.

The COREDO team helps clients build KYC/AML processes, conduct legal review of transactions and minimize the risks of violating sanctions regimes, which is especially relevant for technology and infrastructure projects.

Legal support and company registration for investments

Illustration for the section «Legal support and company registration for investments» in the article «Growth of private markets and its impact on investment strategies»

Legal support and company registration for investments is a key step to reliably protect investors’ interests and effectively implement projects at the international level. A range of professional services in this area helps to comply with regulatory requirements, minimize risks and choose the optimal jurisdiction for your business.

Registration of legal entities in the EU, Asia and offshore jurisdictions

Company registration for investments in Europe, Asia and offshore jurisdictions requires deep knowledge of international corporate law and awareness of the specifics of each country.

  • In the EU: It is necessary to take into account requirements for minimum capital, governance structure, tax residency and mandatory compliance. For example, Company registration in the Czech Republic or Estonia allows access to European markets, but requires strict AML support.
  • In Asia: Singapore and Hong Kong remain leaders in the speed and transparency of registration. In Singapore the process is fully digitized, but requires the involvement of licensed providers and adherence to all AML standards.
  • In offshore jurisdictions: Registering companies in Cyprus or other offshore jurisdictions can be a tool for tax planning, but requires special attention to reputation and transparency issues.

COREDO’s practice confirms: successful registration and subsequent business support are impossible without a comprehensive approach to legal and compliance procedures.

AML and compliance in investments

AML support for investments is a key element in protecting investors’ interests and preventing financial risks. International AML standards (FATF, 6AMLD, MAS) require:

  • Identification of ultimate beneficial owners (UBO)
  • Ongoing transaction monitoring
  • Implementation of internal control systems and employee training

The COREDO team implements advanced KYC/AML methodologies, integrating digital solutions and client verification automation. This not only enables compliance with regulators’ requirements, but also protects transactions from fraud and sanctions risks.

Legal protection of investors in mergers and acquisitions

Legal support for investments for companies includes:

  • Analysis and minimization of legal risks: Verification of corporate structure, contract analysis, assessment of compliance with international standards.
  • Support for M&A transactions: Structuring deals, conducting Due Diligence, protecting investors’ interests at all stages.
  • Tax planning: Optimization of tax burden taking into account international tax law and the specifics of each jurisdiction.

COREDO’s experience in supporting large M&A transactions in the EU and Asia allows our clients to execute complex projects with minimal risks and maximum transparency.

Risk management and investment efficiency in private markets

Illustration for the section «Risk management and investment efficiency in private markets» in the article «Growth of private markets and its impact on investment strategies»

risk management: one of the key tasks to increase the stability and efficiency of investments in private markets. Competent threat management allows not only to protect capital, but also to optimally use growth opportunities even during periods of instability, including trade conflicts and rapidly changing market conditions.

Risk management in trade conflicts

Effective risk management is the foundation of a long-term investment strategy. In the context of private market growth and global instability, COREDO recommends using:

  • Scenario analysis and stress testing: Assessing the impact of macroeconomic and political factors on an investment portfolio.
  • Diversification by assets and regions: Reducing concentration risk through multi-asset strategies and distributing investments between Europe, Asia and Africa.
  • Liquidity management: Using flexible financial instruments and platforms to respond quickly to market changes.

COREDO’s solutions allow integrating modernModern capital management tools, including private banking, digital assets and automated monitoring systems.

ROI assessment and effectiveness of investment strategies

Assessing ROI amid the growth of private markets requires taking into account the specifics of each project:

  • For infrastructure projects, the key metrics become payback period, IRR and NPV.
  • In tech startups, important indicators are revenue growth, customer base growth and business model scalability.
  • For private equity and private debt, analysis of cash flow, multiples and exit strategies.

The COREDO team implements comprehensive ROI monitoring systems that enable clients to quickly assess investment performance and adjust strategy.

ESG factors and sustainable investing

ESG investments are becoming the standard for large institutional and private investors. Environmental, social and governance factors affect not only reputation but also the cost of capital, access to financing and the long-term resilience of businesses.

COREDO supports clients at all stages of ESG standard implementation, integrating them into corporate governance, reporting and investment solutions.

Recommendations for entrepreneurs and investors

Illustration for the section «Recommendations for entrepreneurs and investors» in the article «Growth of private markets and its impact on investment strategies»

In the current environment private markets are rapidly transforming, and it is important for investors together with entrepreneurs to adapt strategies to preserve and grow capital. Recommendations for entrepreneurs and investors will help understand how to use modern trends and what to pay attention to when choosing instruments and approaches in the new reality.

How to adapt investments to the growth of private markets

  • Build multi-asset portfolios: combine private equity, venture funds, infrastructure projects and digital assets.
  • Take regional specifics into account: develop separate strategies for Europe, Asia and Africa based on local trends and regulatory requirements.
  • Use artificial intelligence and data analytics: to optimize investment decisions and risk assessment.

Legal support and AML compliance: best practices

  • Implement international AML standards: regularly update internal policies, automate KYC/AML processes.
  • Engage experts to support transactions: Legal expertise, due diligence, deal structuring taking into account tax and regulatory specifics.
  • Ensure financial transparency and reporting: use modern digital platforms to manage corporate documentation and reporting.

How to choose a partner for company registration

  • Evaluate the team’s experience and expertise: examples of completed projects, knowledge of jurisdiction specifics, availability of licenses and certifications.
  • Check for comprehensive solutions: company registration, obtaining licenses, transaction support, AML and tax planning – all in one place.
  • Pay attention to transparency of processes and communications: clear timelines, understandable stages, regular reporting.

Thus, a properly chosen partner provides a reliable foundation for subsequent scaling of the investment portfolio and effective risk management.

Scaling the investment portfolio and risk management

  • Conduct regular portfolio audits: evaluate performance, identify bottlenecks, adjust strategy.
  • Use hedging and risk insurance instruments: especially relevant for investments in emerging markets and infrastructure projects.
  • Develop exit strategies: liquidity planning, analysis of market conditions and legal constraints.

Key takeaways and practical steps

The growth of private capital markets is radically changing the investment landscape of Europe, Asia and Africa. Successful investing in 2025 requires a comprehensive approach: multi-asset strategies, deep risk analysis, implementation of ESG and digital solutions, as well as professional legal support at all stages.

COREDO’s experience shows: only the integration of international AML standards, sound tax planning and adaptation to regional specifics make it possible not only to protect capital but also to ensure its sustainable growth.

In conditions of global instability and tightening regulatory requirements, choosing a reliable partner becomes a key success factor.

If you are looking for strategic solutions to scale your business, optimize your investment portfolio and minimize risks, the COREDO team is ready to offer deep expertise and practical experience proven by dozens of completed projects in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

Investments and risks: Europe, Asia, Africa compared

Region Main opportunities Key risks Regulatory specifics
Europe Infrastructure, ESG, fintech Sanctions, political restrictions Strict AML, transparency
Asia Technology, venture, digital assets Political instability, KYC Flexibility, rapid growth
Africa Energy, logistics, telecom Legal and political risks Diversity of standards, growth

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

What legal risks arise when registering companies for investments in the EU and Asia?

– The main risks are related to non-compliance with AML, errors in structuring the corporate entity and tax consequences. The solution is to engage COREDO experts for comprehensive support.

How to use AML support to protect investment transactions?

– Implementing international standards, automating KYC/AML, regular process audits are key to protection against sanctions and fraud.

Which ROI metrics are important when investing in infrastructure projects?

– IRR, NPV, payback period, ESG and sustainability indicators.

How to scale an investment portfolio amid market instability?

– Diversification by regionand assets, regular audits, use of digital platforms for capital management.

Which technologies help manage private investments effectively?

– Investment platforms, artificial intelligence for data analysis, digital tools for compliance and reporting.

If you still have questions about company registration, obtaining licenses, AML support, or investment management, contact us. COREDO, your reliable partner on the path to sustainable growth and effective capital management.

Payroll for international companies is not just salary calculation. It is a comprehensive system that helps businesses manage payments, taxes and comply with legal requirements across multiple countries. Let’s examine what payroll in international business is, why it is important and what tasks it solves.

What is payroll in international business

Payroll for international companies is a comprehensive process of calculating, paying and reporting employee wages for staff working in different countries, taking into account local taxes, social contributions, currency fluctuations and requirements for cross-border payments.

COREDO’s practice confirms: COREDO payroll is not just an accounting function, but a key element in managing an international workforce, affecting compliance, employee motivation and the investment attractiveness of the business.

Managing payroll in Europe and Asia requires taking into account differences in defining gross/net salary, specifics of remote hiring, as well as localizing payroll processes to the requirements of a particular jurisdiction. For example, in the Czech Republic and Estonia differences in the structure of social contributions and taxation can significantly affect the final cost of hiring and legal risks.

Payroll requirements for an international workforce in 2025

In 2025 the key requirements for payroll for international companies are:

  • Accurate calculations and timely payment of salaries to foreign employees, taking into account all tax and social obligations.
  • Compliance in international payroll: adherence to EU and Asian regulatory requirements, implementation of international-standard employment contracts, fulfillment of economic presence (substance requirements).
  • GDPR and protection of employees’ personal data: mandatory data localization and implementation of electronic reporting systems integrated with ERP systems.
  • Documentation: each stage of payroll must be supported by properly executed contracts, Due Diligence of employees and transparent financial monitoring of payments.

The solution developed at COREDO allows integrating these requirements into a single system, minimizing risks and increasing the efficiency of payroll processes.

Salary calculation for foreign employees

Illustration for the section «Salary calculation for foreign employees» in the article «Payroll for companies with an international workforce — main requirements»

Calculating salaries for foreign employees requires accounting for various factors, including the legal norms of the country where activities are conducted, as well as specifics of employing workers from abroad. An important part of this process is familiarization with minimum wage levels in different countries of Europe and Asia to ensure compliance with local requirements and correctly form the terms of employment.

Minimum wage in the EU and Asia by country

Minimum wage (MW) – one of the key benchmarks for payroll calculation in international companies.

In 2025 the minimum wage across EU and Asian countries varies significantly, and the new EU pay standards (EU Pay Transparency Directive) require not only compliance with minimum rates but also transparency of calculations for all employees, including non-residents.

Country Minimum wage in 2025 (EUR/month) Taxation features Document requirements
Poland 950 20% income tax, social contributions Contract, reporting
Kazakhstan 250 10% income tax, social contributions Contract, notification
Germany 1 800 25% income tax, social contributions Contract, reporting
Singapore 1 200 No minimum wage, only taxes Contract, notification

Changes in the minimum wage directly affect payroll processes: increases in minimum rates require revising employment contracts, adjusting calculations and updating internal pay policies.

Changes in the minimum wage directly affect payroll processes: increases in minimum rates require revising employment contracts, adjusting calculations and updating internal pay policies.

Salary and taxes for non-residents

Calculating wages for non-residents requires taking into account double taxation, specifics of social contributions and currency risks. For example, when managing payroll in Europe and Asia it is important to distinguish between gross/net salary and correctly calculate income tax and contributions depending on the employee’s residency status.

COREDO’s experience has shown: automating tax calculations for an international workforce helps minimize errors and reduce the likelihood of fines for cross-border payments.

At the same time accounting for currency risks becomes critical in a multi-currency environment – especially when making payments in euros, pounds and Singapore dollars.

Payments to non-residents – documentation

Documentation of payments to non-residents is a mandatory requirement for legalizing employee hiring in the EU and Asia. Each payment must be accompanied by an international-standard employment contract, confirmation of the employee’s due diligence and financial monitoring of payments.

COREDO’s practice confirms: correct document preparation and transparent reporting not only allow you to avoid fines, but also simplify audit checks and increase trust from banks and regulators.

Compliance and AML in payroll of international companies

Illustration for the section «Compliance and AML in payroll of international companies» in the article «Payroll for companies with an international workforce — main requirements»

Compliance and AML play a key role in managing payroll of international companies, ensuring legal requirements are met and preventing financial crimes. Implementing effective compliance and AML procedures allows minimizing risks associated with paying salaries to employees in different jurisdictions and strengthens regulators’ trust.

AML procedures when making payments

salaries

AML procedures when paying salaries are becoming standard for all international companies with a distributed workforce. Payroll AML compliance checks include:

  • Identification and verification of beneficial owners.
  • financial monitoring of payments, especially for cross-border transfers and intra-group movements.
  • Implementation of compliance procedures that allow tracking suspicious transactions and preventing the legalization of income obtained by criminal means.
The COREDO team has implemented projects integrating AML controls into payroll processes for clients in the Czech Republic, Estonia, the UK and Singapore, which has significantly reduced the risk of regulatory claims.

Cross-border compliance: changes in laws

Cross-border compliance: it is not only about meeting local requirements, but also constant monitoring of legislative changes in the EU and Asia. In 2025 special attention is paid to:

  • Criteria of economic presence (substance requirements) to confirm the company’s real activity in the country of registration.
  • Conducting regular audits of payroll processes and updating internal payroll policies.
  • Compliance with new EU standards on pay and reporting, including electronic reporting systems and payroll integration with ERP systems.

COREDO supports clients at all stages of change, ensuring payroll processes are up to date and transparent.

GDPR and personal data in payroll

GDPR and protection of employees’ personal data: a mandatory requirement for running payroll in Europe and countries that recognize European standards. Implementation of electronic reporting systems, localization of payroll processes and integration with ERP systems make it possible to ensure data protection at all stages, from collection to storage and transfer of information.

COREDO’s solutions include GDPR compliance audits, setting internal policies and training staff on handling personal data.

Tools for payroll management

Illustration for the section «Tools for payroll management» in the article «Payroll for companies with an international staff: main requirements»

Tools for payroll management have become an integral part of effective financial administration for businesses of any size. Thanks to modern solutions, payroll automation significantly reduces time spent on routine operations and lowers the risk of errors, while integration with banking makes payment processes as transparent and convenient as possible for companies.

Payroll automation and banking for business

Payroll automation is a key trend that enables management of a distributed team, minimizes errors and speeds up processes. Integration of payroll systems with international banking and ERP platforms provides:

  • Running payroll in a multi-currency environment taking into account exchange rate fluctuations.
  • Automatic generation of electronic reports and tax calculations for an international workforce.
  • Accounting for currency risks and transparency of cross-border payments.

COREDO implements solutions that allow integrating payroll with banking systems in the EU, the UK, Singapore and Dubai, ensuring compliance with AML and compliance requirements.

This is especially relevant when considering the advantages of payroll outsourcing, which allows optimizing business processes and reducing operating costs.

Payroll outsourcing: advantages and benefits

Outsourcing payroll services is becoming increasingly popular among international companies seeking to improve payroll process efficiency and reduce costs. Calculating the ROI of implementing payroll outsourcing includes:

  • Reducing costs for in-house specialist staff.
  • Minimizing the risk of fines and errors.
  • Increasing transparency and predictability of payments.
COREDO’s experience has shown: a properly chosen payroll service provider ensures not only legal compliance, but also strategic flexibility when entering new markets.

Scaling payroll when entering new markets

Scaling payroll processes is a task that requires taking into account the specifics of intra-group employee transfers, cross-border payments and transfer pricing. COREDO’s solutions allow you to:

  • Organize payroll for employees in different EU and Asian countries taking local requirements into account.
  • Implement standardized pay policies and automate tax calculations.
  • Ensure payroll transparency and manageability even in rapidly growing multi-jurisdictional structures.

Risks and fines for international business

Illustration for the section «Risks and fines for international business» in the article «Payroll for companies with an international staff: main requirements»

Risks and fines for international business are becoming an increasingly serious factor in the day-to-day operations of companies operating in global markets. Any mistakes or compliance violations, including payroll issues, can lead to significant financial sanctions and legal consequences. Below we look in detail at the risks and fines businesses face when violating payroll calculation and payment rules.

Risks and fines for payroll violations

The main risks for international companies are related to:

  • Violations of requirements for paying salaries to foreigners (for example, failure to comply with the minimum wage (MROT), payment delays, calculation errors).
  • Insufficient financial monitoring of payments and lack of employee due diligence.
  • Non-compliance with AML and GDPR requirements.

Fines can reach up to 10% of the annual payroll fund, and long-term consequences include account freezes, loss of licenses and reputational damage. COREDO’s practice shows that regular audits of payroll processes and the implementation of electronic reporting systems can significantly reduce these risks.

Payroll in a multi-currency environment: currency risks

Running payroll in a multi-currency environment requires constant monitoring of exchange rate fluctuations, consideration of cross-border compliance and compliance with EU standards on pay. COREDO’s solutions provide for:

  • Integration of payroll with multi-currency bank accounts.
  • Automation of currency risk accounting and adjustment of payments depending on exchange rate changes.
  • Implementation of internal pay policies that take into account the specifics of cross-border operations.

How to optimizeWebsite for international companies

Illustration for the section «How to optimize a website for international companies» in the article «Payroll for companies with an international staff: main requirements»

  • Conduct a comprehensive audit of payroll processes for compliance with EU and Asian requirements.
  • Choose a payroll service provider with proven expertise in international compliance and AML.
  • Prepare a full package of documents to legalize the hiring of foreigners, including employee due diligence and international-standard employment contracts.
  • Implement electronic reporting systems and automation of tax calculations.
  • Integrate payroll with banking and ERP systems to increase transparency and efficiency.
  • Develop and implement internal company pay policies that take into account EU standards and local regulators’ requirements.
  • Provide regular employee training on GDPR and personal data protection.

International SEO for business

  • Payroll for international companies: a strategic function requiring integration of legal, financial, and technological solutions.
  • Compliance, outsourcing of payroll services, and process automation help minimize risks, increase efficiency, and ensure payment transparency.
  • COREDO’s experience in registering legal entities abroad, obtaining financial licenses, AML consulting, and comprehensive business support confirms: only a systematic approach and constant monitoring of legislative changes ensure sustainable development of international business.
  • Invest in modern tools, train your team, and choose partners capable of supporting your business at all stages of growth and transformation.

If you are looking for a reliable expert to build an effective payroll system in a multi-jurisdictional structure, the COREDO team is ready to offer solutions proven in practice and in line with the highest international market standards.

“80% of companies entering international markets face delays due to outdated identification and compliance procedures”: this is the figure cited by the European Commission in its latest report on the digital transformation of business.
Even more surprising is that already more than 10 million users in the EU and Asia use a digital wallet instead of a passport to access financial, legal, and government services.

What we are witnessing is not just a technological evolution, but a fundamental shift in how personal identity online and digital reputation management are understood.

In recent years the COREDO team has observed how traditional KYC/AML methods and paper documents have become a bottleneck for international business. Company registration, obtaining financial licenses, cross-border transactions — all these processes require not only speed but flawless transparency, regulatory compliance, and personal data protection. Standard approaches no longer meet the challenges of the Web3 identity era, where digital ID and electronic identification become the key to new opportunities.

What changes for companies that are already implementing digital identity today? They reduce the time for registering legal entities in the EU and Asia from weeks to hours, automate KYC/AML, gain access to DeFi products, and build a resilient digital reputation that works for the business 24/7. But with this come new risks: digital caste ratings, theft of private keys, blockchain immutability, and privacy challenges.

Ready to learn how a digital wallet instead of a passport works in practice, what advantages and threats digital identity poses for business, and which solutions the COREDO team has already implemented for international companies? This article is your navigator in the world of digital ID, helping you make strategic decisions and avoid critical mistakes. Read to the end: you will gain not only deep understanding but also practical recommendations tested in real cases.

Digital identifier and wallet instead of a passport

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In the modern business environment a digital wallet is not just a tool for storing assets, but a full digital imprint of a person. Each cryptocurrency wallet contains a transaction history, participation in DAOs, verified attestations, a credit score, and sometimes even the owner’s digital biography. At COREDO we implemented projects where the digital wallet became the sole source of identification when registering legal entities in the EU and Asia, fully automating KYC/AML processes through integration with identification APIs.

Decentralized identity is built on Web3 principles: the user controls their own data, and identity verification is carried out through smart contracts and attestations recorded on the blockchain.

This approach allows companies to speed up legal entity registration, simplify cross-border operations, and minimize human-factor risks. COREDO’s practice confirms: automating KYC/AML via digital ID reduces client and partner verification time by 3–5 times, lowering compliance and legal support costs.

On-chain identity is formed not only by transactions but also by participation in DAO governance, obtaining Soulbound Tokens, undergoing biometric authentication, and electronic attestations. For business, this means the ability to build trust based on a transparent digital biography rather than only paper certificates and outdated registries.

Proceeding to the next section:

This is precisely where Soulbound Tokens become a key element in building a reliable digital identity for business.

Soulbound Tokens for business digital identification

Soulbound Tokens (SBTs) are non-fungible tokens that cannot be transferred to another person. They serve as digital certificates of achievements, qualifications, membership in professional communities, and even completion of AML training. In a recent case, the COREDO team implemented an SBT system to verify the qualifications of employees of an international financial group: each employee received an SBT reflecting their profile, clearances, and KYC/AML history.

Attestations in Web3 allow companies to collect and verify information about clients, partners, and employees without intermediaries.

For example, participation in a DAO is recorded in a user’s on-chain biography, and data about compliance completion is stored in the digital wallet. This not only speeds up processes but also creates a new model of digital reputation where every action is confirmed by a smart contract.

Privado ID, Gitcoin Passport, or Lens Protocol — which to choose for business

On the corporate identity market today, Privado ID, Gitcoin Passport, and Lens Protocol are leading solutions. Each offers unique capabilities for business:

  • Privado ID focuses on privacy and access control to personal data, which is especially important for companies operating in the EU and subject to GDPR requirements.
  • Gitcoin Passport builds digital reputation based on on-chain activity, participation in DAOs, and obtained attestations, which is ideal for startups and tech companies working with DeFi products.
  • Lens Protocol integrates social connections and a digital biography, allowing companies to build reputation models for employees and customers.

The solution developed by COREDO for a client in Singapore included integration of Privado ID and Gitcoin Passport to automate KYC/AML and build a decentralized credit rating. This approach not only sped up legal entity registration but also ensured compliance with local and international identification standards.

Thus, modern corporate identification systems are transforming the approach to managing digital reputation and on-chain identity, creating new standards of trust in decentralized ecosystems.

On-chain identity and digital reputation

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In the era of Web3 identity, every transaction, participation in a DAO, receipt of an SBT or attestation becomes part of a user’s or company’s on-chain biography. This digital trace shapes not only reputation but access to financial, legal, and partner services. For example, to access DeFi protocols or obtain corporate financing in Estonia and the United Kingdom, digital reputation is becoming a key factor in risk assessment.

COREDO’s experience has shown: managing digital reputation allows businesses not only to speed up deals but also to reduce the cost of raising finance.

Decentralized credit ratings built on on-chain identity are already used today by banks and fintech companies in the EU and Asia to assess the reliability of partners.

At the same time, a digital biography is becoming a tool for managing access to closed communities, corporate DAOs and partner programs. For businesses this opens new opportunities for customer segmentation and service personalization, but requires a strategic approach to managing the digital footprint and reputation.

Thus, building and maintaining a positive on-chain reputation becomes a critically important task for the development of companies in the new digital economy.

Digital reputation for business: pros and risks

Illustration for the section «Digital reputation for business: pros and risks» in the article «Wallet instead of a passport: what it is and how digital ID works»

Objectifying digital reputation is a double-edged sword. On one hand, a digital caste rating allows quick assessment of counterparties’ reliability, automating access to services and reducing fraud risks. On the other hand, the risks of segregation, discrimination and social control via blockchain are becoming increasingly relevant.

In one COREDO case for a large Asian corporation, the introduction of digital ratings reduced the number of fraudulent applications by 40%, but at the same time revealed the threat of access restriction for new market participants due to a low starting rating.

Analogies with credit history are obvious: digital reputation can become a tool of segregation if evaluation algorithms are opaque or susceptible to manipulation.

Risk-minimization strategies include implementing transparent evaluation protocols, regular algorithm audits, and creating appeal mechanisms for users and companies.

Shaping digital reputation: algorithms and business

The parameters of digital reputation are determined not only by technical protocols but also by the interests of developers, DAOs, venture funds and major market players. Business influence on reputation assessment standards becomes a strategic factor of competitiveness.

The COREDO team participated in creating attestation standards for an international platform where business clients could influence digital reputation parameters through participation in DAO governance and development of their own evaluation criteria. This approach ensures a balance between transparency, company interests and the protection of users’ rights.

Risks of social control through the blockchain

Incentive and punishment mechanisms built into blockchain protocols can create majority pressure, limit freedom of action and shape uniform behavior models. For companies this means new reputational risks: an employee’s or company’s on-chain digital biography becomes available for analysis by competitors, partners and regulators.

In COREDO’s practice there have been cases where a negative digital reputation, linked to smart contract errors or controversial DAO decisions, led to refusals of partnership or funding.

Best practices include regular monitoring of the digital footprint, implementing privacy management tools and training employees in the basics of digital security.

Theft of private keys and access recovery

Illustration for the section «Theft of private keys and access recovery» in the article «Wallet instead of a passport: what it is and how digital ID works»

The theft of a private key is not only a loss of assets but an actual theft of digital identity. For businesses the consequences can be critical: loss of access to corporate wallets, digital attestations, transaction history and reputation. In one COREDO case for a European fintech, a multi-layered digital key management system was implemented with the possibility of access recovery through trusted parties (social recovery).

Digital death is the situation when a company or employee loses access to the digital wallet and the entire on-chain biography.

This leads to asset freezes, an inability to verify qualifications or legal status. The solution: implementing social recovery protocols where trusted people or colleagues can verify identity and initiate access recovery.

Wallet recovery — what businesses should do

Social wallet recovery is becoming a standard for companies working with digital IDs. At COREDO we recommend using a combination of biometric authentication, multi-factor protection and distribution of access rights among several trusted people. This approach minimizes the risks of digital death and ensures continuity of business processes even in case of key loss.

Right to be forgotten on the blockchain for business

Illustration for the section «Right to be forgotten on the blockchain for business» in the article «Wallet instead of a passport: what it is and how digital ID works»

Blockchain immutability: a fundamental advantage and at the same time a challenge for companies. Every action, error or disputed transaction becomes part of an eternal digital biography. For businesses this means the absence of a right to be forgotten and the impossibility to “erase” negative information, which contradicts GDPR principles and local data laws.

A solution developed by COREDO for an international group included implementing ZK-proofs (zero-knowledge proofs) to protect personal data and ensure privacy when using digital identity credentials. ZK-proofs allow confirming facts (for example, compliance completion or having a license) without revealing details, minimizing the risk of information leakage.

ZK-proofs for company privacy

ZK-proofs are a technology that allows verifying the validity of information without revealing its content. For businesses this means the ability to comply with GDPR, protect trade secrets and manage access to critically important data. Still, COREDO’s practice shows: abusing privacy can lead to reduced trust from partners and regulators.

Balance between transparency and privacyis achieved through the implementation of flexible access policies, regular audits of ZK protocols and employee training in the principles of digital consent and access management.

Digital ID and Wallet for Business

The shift to digital identity and a wallet instead of a passport is not just a technological trend, but a strategic choice that determines a business’s competitiveness in the international market. The benefits are clear: faster registration of legal entities, automation of KYC/AML, new models of digital trust and reputation, and expanded access to financial and legal services.

On the other hand, alongside the opportunities come new challenges: risks of digital death, theft of private keys, objectification of reputation, and loss of privacy. Best practices for implementing digital ID, proven by the COREDO team, include:

  • Integration of modern solutions (Privado ID, Gitcoin Passport, Lens Protocol) taking into account the requirements of local and international regulators.
  • Implementation of multi-layered digital key management systems and social recovery protocols.
  • Use of ZK proofs to protect data and ensure GDPR compliance.
  • Regular audits of the digital footprint and reputation, and training for employees and partners.

Strategic advice: start building your digital identification and reputation management policy today so that you not only meet market requirements but also stay ahead of competitors.

COREDO’s experience shows: those who invest in digital trust and Web3 identity gain not only a technological advantage but also sustainable growth on the international stage.

In 2024, more than 80% of institutional investors consider the level of decentralization one of the main criteria when choosing a blockchain for corporate operations and the registration of legal entities in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

Meanwhile, fewer than 10% of companies are able to correctly assess the real risks associated with the concentration of miners, validators, or infrastructure in specific countries.

As COREDO’s practice shows COREDO, even large international holdings face unexpected lockouts, transaction delays and regulatory challenges due to underestimating the architectural and governance features of the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks.

What is more important for business: the absolute number of nodes, geographic diversification, or resilience to attacks? Why do Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake affect strategic risks and scaling opportunities differently? How can one compare the level of decentralization of Bitcoin and Ethereum taking into account real business metrics, not only technical details?
In this article I share the COREDO team’s experience in analyzing and implementing cryptocurrency solutions for corporate clients in the EU, Asia and the CIS. You will learn how to correctly compare the decentralization of Bitcoin and Ethereum, which metrics really matter for business, and which strategic decisions allow you to minimize risks and leverage new growth opportunities. I recommend reading the article carefully to the end; here you will find not only an expert analysis but also practical recommendations for the long-term success of your company.

Level of decentralization of cryptocurrencies

Illustration for the section “Level of decentralization of cryptocurrencies” in the article “Bitcoin and Ethereum comparison of decentralization levels”

In COREDO’s corporate consulting we always start with a clear separation of concepts: decentralization of the network builders (miners, validators, block producers) and decentralization of clients (wallets, addresses, dapps). This approach allows us to account not only for the technical architecture but also for real business risks related to concentration of power or vulnerability to regulatory attacks.

The level of decentralization of cryptocurrencies is determined by several key metrics:
  • Distribution of miners and validators (structure, geography, concentration of pools)
  • Number and geography of nodes
  • Decentralization of network clients: number of unique and active addresses, wallet distribution, liquidity on DEX and CEX
  • Resistance to forks, bugs, influence of the community and institutional investors
In COREDO’s practice we use comprehensive assessment methodologies, including analysis of ASNS (autonomous systems), distribution of TOR nodes, share of cloud services (AWS, Google Cloud), as well as monitoring key business metrics: block finalization speed, resistance to MEV attacks, level of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) integration and multichain solutions.

Decentralization of miners and validators – risks

In Bitcoin the decentralization of miners is traditionally considered exemplary. However, in practice more than 60% of the hashrate is controlled by the five largest pools, and the geographic concentration of mining in certain countries creates risks for international companies. The COREDO team has encountered cases where sudden regulatory changes or outages in specific regions led to delays and fee increases.

In Ethereum, after the transition to Proof-of-Stake, validator decentralization became dependent not only on the number of participants but also on the architecture of validator pools, the role of block producers and relayers. Concentration of staking on large platforms (for example, Lido, Coinbase) can create new points of vulnerability for corporate clients. It is important to consider that for businesses it becomes no less significant to analyze the distribution of validators by jurisdiction and their dependence on cloud infrastructures.

COREDO’s experience shows: when assessing strategic risks, it is important not only to consider the number of miners or validators, but also their independence, geographic distribution and the level of control over the infrastructure.

These parameters affect the resilience of financial operations, the ability to scale and protection from external impacts.

In this context, the question becomes especially relevant: which consensus mechanism — Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake — is optimal from the perspective of corporate resilience and risk management?

Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake: what should businesses choose

Illustration for the section “Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake: what should businesses choose” in the article “Bitcoin and Ethereum comparison of decentralization levels”

The choice between Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is not only a technical but also a strategic question for companies operating in international jurisdictions. In COREDO’s practice we analyze both approaches in terms of entry costs, resistance to attacks, centralization risks and long-term consequences for the business.

PoW (Bitcoin):

  • High level of security and resilience, proven over time
  • Entry costs (equipment, electricity) limit participation, which leads to concentration of hashrate in large pools
  • Geographic concentration of mining increases regulatory risks

PoS (Ethereum):

  • Lower entry threshold for validators, which theoretically increases decentralization
  • Concentration of staking on large platforms and cloud services can reduce real decentralization
  • New risks related to MEV-Boost, relayers and block finalization
The COREDO team has developed unique risk assessment scenarios for corporate clients, taking into account not only technical parameters but also business metrics: transaction processing speed, resistance to forks, impact of bugs and the possibility of integration with multichain ecosystems.

In light of these characteristics of the PoW and PoS approaches, it is relevant to consider the architecture and resilience of leading blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum from the perspective of corporate users.

Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains – architecture and resilience

Node architecture is a key factor for assessing resilience and decentralization. In Bitcoin the number of public nodes consistently exceeds 15,000, with a significant portion of them operating through TOR or distributed across independent ASNS, which increases resistance to censorship and attacks.

In Ethereum the number of active nodes is comparable. On the other hand, more than 60% of them are hosted on cloud services (AWS, Google Cloud), which creates new r

Risks of infrastructure centralization. In one of COREDO’s cases for an EU client we discovered that the failure of a major cloud provider could lead to reduced availability of the Ethereum network for corporate applications.

TOR nodes and geographic diversification of nodes in Bitcoin provide additional resilience, whereas in Ethereum the architecture depends on the distribution of validators and block producers, as well as integration with cloud solutions. For companies focused on international markets, it is important to consider not only the number but also the independence and geography of nodes.

Validators, block producers and relayers in Ethereum

Illustration for the section ‘Validators, block producers and relayers in Ethereum’ in the article ‘Bitcoin and Ethereum comparison of decentralization levels’

After the transition to PoS, Ethereum became one of the most innovative platforms in terms of distributed governance. Validators, block producers, relayers and searchers form a complex ecosystem where each element affects the level of decentralization and strategic risks for businesses.

The introduction of MEV-Boost increased transparency and competition among block producers, yet it also created new centralization points: large relayers can influence transaction ordering and, consequently, business operations. In COREDO practice we recommend that corporate clients take these risks into account when designing financial services based on Ethereum.

Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) and mempool encryption mechanics open new opportunities to enhance privacy and security; however, they require additional expertise for proper integration into business processes.

Block finalization and resilience to MEV attacks become important metrics when choosing a platform for legal entity registration and conducting financial operations.

Wallets and active addresses on the network

Client decentralization is not only a technical indicator but also a strategic factor for liquidity, security and operational resilience. In Bitcoin, the number of unique addresses is steadily growing, indicating a broad user base and high liquidity of OTC platforms and CEXs.

Ethereum has seen explosive growth in active and unique addresses, especially after the introduction of DeFi protocols and NFT marketplaces. In one of COREDO’s projects for a client in Asia, we used metrics on the growth of unique addresses and wallet activity to assess the liquidity and security of the implemented DeFi solution.

Wallet decentralization and the distribution of active addresses directly affect the network’s resistance to attacks, scalability potential and availability of business operations. For corporate clients it is important to choose solutions with a high degree of client distribution, which reduces the risk of manipulation and increases trust in the infrastructure.

DeFi on Ethereum and Bitcoin Lightning for business

Illustration for the section ‘DeFi on Ethereum and Bitcoin Lightning for business’ in the article ‘Bitcoin and Ethereum comparison of decentralization levels’

Ethereum has become the leader by number of dapps, DeFi protocols (Aave, Uniswap), NFT marketplaces (Blur, OpenSea) and integration of L2 solutions (Arbitrum, Optimism, ZK-rollups). This opens unique opportunities for scaling business processes, tokenizing assets, implementing multichain ecosystems and optimizing liquidity.

In COREDO projects for clients from the EU and Asia, we integrated L2 solutions and multichain bridges to increase performance and security of corporate services based on Ethereum. Optimistic and ZK rollups, the Superchain family and EVM compatibility allow companies to quickly scale operations, reduce costs and increase resilience to network congestion.

The Lightning Network in Bitcoin provides fast and cheap payments, while the DeFi and dapps ecosystem there is significantly less developed. For companies focused on innovation and scaling, Ethereum and its multichain solutions offer greater strategic advantages.

ERC-20, NFT, Ethereum exchanges for business

The implementation of ERC-20 tokens, NFTs and DePIN services on Ethereum enables companies from the EU and Asia to create new products, optimize business processes and attract institutional investment. In COREDO cases for corporate clients we implemented projects for asset tokenization, launching corporate NFT marketplaces and integrating DeFi protocols for liquidity management.

Comparing DEX and CEX liquidity shows that for large trades and OTC operations Bitcoin maintains leadership thanks to its high capitalization and resilience. At the same time Ethereum is rapidly catching up due to the development of multichain ecosystems and the growth in active addresses. For companies it is important to consider not only volumes but also resistance to manipulation, transparency and infrastructure accessibility.

DePIN services and multichain solutions allow integration of corporate processes with various blockchains, increasing flexibility and reducing the risk of dependence on a single platform.

Risks and trust in blockchain for business

Illustration for the section ‘Risks and trust in blockchain for business’ in the article ‘Bitcoin and Ethereum comparison of decentralization levels’

The blockchain trilemma — the balance between security, scalability and decentralization — remains a key challenge for corporate clients. Bugs (for example, the 2010 incident in Bitcoin or the DAO fork in Ethereum), forks and community specifics directly affect trust and strategic risks.

In COREDO practice we analyze not only technical vulnerabilities but also community response, decision-making speed, and resilience to manipulation by large players and institutional investors. For businesses it is important to consider how bugs and forks can affect long-term investments, asset availability and stability of business processes.

Institutional investments in cryptocurrencies require transparency, predictability and resilience to external shocks.

In this context both Bitcoin and Ethereum have their strengths and weaknesses, and the choice depends on the company’s strategic goals.

Decentralization of Bitcoin and Ethereum: comparison

Comparing the level of decentralization of Bitcoin and Ethereum, the COREDO team draws a clear conclusion: neither platform has absolute superiority across all metrics. Bitcoin provides maximum resilience and reliability for hedging corporate reserves, while Ethereum offers flexibility, innovation and scaling opportunities through DeFi, NFTs and multichain ecosystems.

The economic role of ETH and BTC…The role for business is different: BTC: a hedging instrument and a long-term store of value, ETH – a collateral asset and the basis for innovative corporate solutions. The strategic implications of choosing a blockchain depend on a company’s goals: for integrating DeFi, tokenization and scaling business processes Ethereum is optimal, for custody and OTC operations – Bitcoin.

The solution developed by COREDO is always built on a thorough analysis of decentralization, the risks and opportunities of each platform, taking into account the specifics of EU, Asian and CIS jurisdictions.

This approach allows our clients to minimize strategic risks, leverage the advantages of both ecosystems and build a sustainable international business based on the most advanced and secure blockchain solutions.

In 2024, every third company in Europe and Asia faced a cyberattack, and the average damage from an incident exceeded $4.5 million, a figure comparable to the annual innovation budget of a mid-sized holding. But it’s not only finances at risk: a company’s digital assets, its reputation and even its ability to grow further depend directly on the level of information security. In the era of digital transformation and the rapid growth of cloud services, business processes are becoming increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats, and corporate cybersecurity is a key factor in a business’s cyber resilience.
It is becoming clear: old approaches to protection are long outdated. How can you ensure the digital maturity of your organization, protect the business from new attacks and maintain competitiveness amid global digitalization? Which cybersecurity strategies actually work for international companies?
In this article I, Nikita Veremeev, share analysis, practical case studies and recommendations from the COREDO team that will help your business not only withstand but become stronger in the digital future. Read the article to the end – here you will find tools that work in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

Cyber threats to businesses in 2025

Illustration for the section «Cyber threats to businesses in 2025» in the article «Protecting the organization from cyber threats: strategies for a digital future»

Cyber threats to businesses in 2025 are becoming an increasingly serious problem: companies around the world report a rise in the number of attacks, new fraud schemes and increasingly costly consequences for business. At the same time, the nature and intensity of cyber threats vary by region, which requires a tailored approach for companies operating in the EU, Asia and Africa.

Cyber threats to businesses in the EU, Asia and Africa

Over the past three years the COREDO team has completed more than 120 cyber threat protection projects for clients from the Czech Republic, Estonia, Singapore and Dubai. We observe that cyberattacks on businesses are becoming increasingly complex: attackers use artificial intelligence to automate attacks, and social engineering is becoming the primary tool for breaching corporate networks.

Insider threats are particularly dangerous: when employees or contractors with access to a company’s digital assets become the source of data leaks.

COREDO’s practice confirms: a company’s digital traces — from corporate email to cloud services — are often used by hackers to prepare targeted attacks. In one case, while working with a holding company in the EU, we found that more than 40% of vulnerabilities arose because contractors had uncontrolled access to internal systems. The solution developed by COREDO included implementing the principle of least privilege and regular vulnerability assessments (vulnerability assessment).

Cybersecurity in 2025 for businesses

In 2025 corporate cybersecurity will be built around the concepts of employees’ digital hygiene and digital identity. Cybercrime in the B2B sector is shifting toward attacks on trust and reputation, for example through phishing campaigns that mimic business correspondence. International regulators are tightening data protection requirements (GDPR, NIS2, DORA), and fines for cybersecurity breaches in the EU can reach 4% of annual turnover.

The COREDO team notes: digital trust is becoming a strategic asset.

In a case with a fintech company from the United Kingdom, we helped build a digital identity system by integrating multi-factor authentication (MFA) and automated corporate email filtering, which reduced the number of successful phishing attacks by 60%.

Cybersecurity strategies for business

Illustration for the section “Cybersecurity strategies for business” in the article “Protecting an organization from cyber threats: strategies for a digital future”

Cybersecurity strategies for business today are becoming a necessary foundation for maintaining competitiveness and preventing critical losses. In a rapidly changing IT environment and under pressure from new threats, it is important for companies not only to respond promptly to risks, but also to systematically implement modern protection practices that take into account the specifics of their business.

Cyber risk management — how to reduce threats?

Effective cyber risk management begins with an accurate assessment of the cost of cyber risks and building the company’s economic resilience to cyber threats. At COREDO we use digital risk diversification: not only do we protect infrastructure, but we also distribute responsibility between departments, contractors and external services.

This approach helps minimize losses during incidents and accelerates the recovery of business processes. In a project for a holding with branches in the EU and Asia we implemented digital change management, which made it possible to respond promptly to new threats and integrate best practices from different jurisdictions.

Turning to data protection, let’s look at how a multilayer Zero Trust strategy ensures the continuous security of the company’s digital assets.

Multilayer Zero Trust data protection

Multilayer data protection: the foundation of a modern cybersecurity strategy.

The solution developed at COREDO includes implementing Zero Trust: every access to data is verified regardless of source, and access control is built on the principle of least privilege. To prevent data loss (DLP) we integrate monitoring tools and automated policies, which is especially important for companies working with intellectual property.

In the case of a fintech startup in Singapore we conducted a security assessment (pentest) and simulated phishing attacks, identifying weak points in employees’ digital identities. As a result of implementing Zero Trust and regular testing, the security level increased by 35%.

Cloud and mobile device security

Cloud technology security and mobile device protection in business: key challenges for international companies. Our experience at COREDO has shown: effective mobile device management (MDM) and digital management of contractors and third parties can reduce the risks of data leakage when working with cloud services.

In a project for a group of companies in Dubai we implemented digital incident management and 3-2-1 backup, which ensured business continuity even in the event of a mass cyberattack on the cloud infrastructure.

Corporate cybersecurity tools

Illustration for the section «Corporate cybersecurity tools» in the article «Protecting the organization from cyber threats: strategies for a digital future»

Corporate cybersecurity tools are a set of solutions that help organizations detect and prevent threats, as well as respond effectively to incidents. To ensure a high level of protection, companies apply specialized approaches, among which regular audits, penetration testing and vulnerability scanning play an important role.

Security audit: penetration testing and vulnerabilities

Security analysis (pentest) and vulnerability assessment are mandatory steps for entering new EU and Asian markets. The COREDO team conducts digital penetration testing using international standards (OWASP, ISO 27001) and integrates security information and event management (SIEM) for continuous monitoring.

In a case for a payment company in Estonia we discovered critical vulnerabilities in the APIs of external contractors. Implementing digital contractor management eliminated the risks and improved regulatory compliance.

Thus, comprehensive cyber protection is impossible without the implementation of modern tools for threat monitoring and prevention.

XDR, SOC, DLP, IPS, WAF – cybersecurity tools

Extended detection and response (XDR), integrated SOCs (Security Operations Center), intrusion prevention systems (IPS) and web application firewalls (WAF): key technologies for automating incident response. At COREDO we deploy DLP to prevent data leakage and automate incident response, which is especially relevant for large international companies.

In the table below I compare XDR and SASE for medium-sized businesses:

Criterion XDR (Extended Detection & Response) SASE (Secure Access Service Edge)
Purpose Advanced detection and threat response Integration of network and cloud security
Applicability Medium and large companies Companies with distributed infrastructure
Key advantages Centralized monitoring, automated incident response Flexibility, scalability, cloud protection and protection for remote employees
Drawbacks Requires integration with SOC, high cost Implementation complexity, dependence on provider

In COREDO’s case for a holding company in the Czech Republic, implementing XDR reduced incident response time from 12 hours to 30 minutes.

Automation and AI in cybersecurity

Artificial intelligence in cybersecurity: it’s not only the automation of incident response, but also a new front of threats: attacks using artificial intelligence are becoming increasingly sophisticated.

COREDO’s experience shows that digital threat analytics (threat intelligence) and the implementation of automated response scenarios enable staying ahead of attackers and minimizing the human factor in information security.

In a project for an international holding company we integrated SIEM with an AI module, which allowed us to detect anomalies in user behavior and prevent insider threats.

Corporate Cybersecurity Culture

Illustration for the section «Corporate Cybersecurity Culture» in the article «Protecting the Organization from Cyber Threats: Strategies for a Digital Future»

Corporate cybersecurity culture forms the foundation on which employee behavior and the team’s attitude toward data protection are built. Conscious implementation of these principles helps not only to reduce the number of incidents but also to make security part of each employee’s daily work.

Employee training and incident simulations

Training employees in cyber hygiene and simulating incidents for training are the basis of corporate cybersecurity culture. The solution developed at COREDO includes digital training and upskilling, regular phishing attack simulations, and analysis of employees’ digital hygiene.

In a case for a distributed team in the United Kingdom, we organized training through an online platform, which reduced social engineering risks by 45%.

How to limit user privileges on the site

Access management based on the principle of least privilege, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and a well-designed password management policy: critical elements for protecting digital identities and corporate data. At COREDO we implement digital contractor management, which allows control over third-party access to key business processes.

In a case for a fintech company in Slovakia, MFA integration and regular password audits completely eliminated successful attacks using stolen credentials.

Financial and Legal Risks of Cybersecurity

Illustration for the section «Financial and Legal Risks of Cybersecurity» in the article «Protecting the Organization from Cyber Threats: Strategies for a Digital Future»

Financial and legal risks of cybersecurity directly affect business stability: data breaches and successful cyberattacks lead to significant losses, fines, and loss of partners’ trust.

Being able to assess and manage these risks rationally becomes a key factor in maintaining the company’s long-term financial resilience. Rational investments in information security require not only risk assessment but also an understanding of their financial returns; we will consider this approach below.

How to Calculate Cybersecurity ROI

Cybersecurity budgeting and assessing return on investment (ROI) are questions clients regularly ask COREDO. We recommend using digital protection performance metrics (KPI, ROI), taking into account the assessment of cyber risk costs and the potential of the business’s digital resilience.

In a case for a holding company with branches in the EU, the COREDO team helped justify the cybersecurity budget to the board of directors using a damage assessment model and incident development scenarios.

Cyber Insurance in Risk Management

Business cyber insurance and digital risk insurance are becoming standard for international companies. At COREDO we integrate cyber insurance into the overall risk management strategy, taking into account digital diversification and the specifics of working with contractors.

In a project for a group of companies in Asia, we implemented digital incident management, which reduced insurance premiums and increased the business’s economic resilience.

Regulatory Requirements in the EU, Asia, and Africa

Compliance with regulatory requirements (compliance) is a mandatory condition for operating in the EU, Asia, and African markets. The COREDO team supports clients on digital compliance issues, helping to integrate the requirements of GDPR, NIS2, DORA and avoid fines for cybersecurity breaches.

In a case for a fintech company in Estonia, we implemented digital change management, which allowed the regulatory audit to be completed without findings.

Information security outsourcing and vCISO – what is it?

Information security outsourcing and vCISO services: these are modern approaches to managing and protecting a company’s digital assets without the need to maintain an in-house team of specialists. This format not only reduces costs but also provides access to the expertise of professionals who are ready to take on all key tasks to ensure the information security of the business.

In-house department or outsourcing, which to choose?

The choice between an in-house IS department and outsourcing (vCISO) is becoming increasingly relevant for international companies. COREDO’s experience shows: digital security outsourcing enables rapid scaling of protection measures, integration of DevSecOps best practices, and reduced costs for maintaining an in-house SOC.

In a case for a holding company in Singapore, we helped establish digital contractor management, which ensured flexibility and prompt incident response.

How to choose a vCISO for international business

When choosing a vCISO, it is important to consider experience with digital regulatory requirements, the ability to integrate digital change management, and readiness to work with distributed teams. The solution developed by COREDO includes digital management of contractors and third parties, allowing risks to be controlled at all stages of business processes.

Protecting your business from cyber threats: steps and tips

Reliable business protection from cyber threats is not just a formality today, but a matter of survival for companies of any size. The following steps and practical cybersecurity tips will help identify vulnerabilities and create an effective strategy, minimizing risks to your business.

Cybersecurity measures for business

  • Assessing the organization’s digital maturity and regular cybersecurity audits.
  • Implementing multi-layered data protection and Zero Trust.
  • Organizing employee training in cyber hygiene and incident simulations.
  • Integration of XDR, SOC, DLP, MFA, and incident response automation.
  • Ensuring digital business continuity and backups following the 3-2-1 rule.
  • Controlling contractor access and managing the company’s digital footprint.
  • Compliance with regulatory requirements (GDPR, NIS2, DORA) and integration of digital compliance.

Key recommendations for businesses

COREDO’s expert experience shows: business cybersecurity is not only about technology, but also corporate culture, financial planning, and legal literacy. A company’s information security is built on principles of digital maturity, resilience, and continuous development. Those who invest in cybersecurity strategies today will gain not only protection but also a competitive advantage tomorrow.

If your business is ready for the digital future: act systematically, rely on experience, and implement the best solutions. The COREDO team is always ready to help build protection that meets international standards and market requirements.
In 2025, according to international studies, more than 80% of new digital businesses related to affiliate marketing face account blocks, registration refusals, or sudden tax reassessments due to errors made when choosing a jurisdiction.

Even more telling: according to the latest Statista report, the global turnover of the affiliate marketing market exceeded $17 billion, and more than 60% of companies operate through international structures. But why do so many entrepreneurs still waste time and resources on ineffective schemes?

The question of choosing a country to set up a company in the affiliate marketing sector is not just a formality but a strategic move that determines future profitability, security and scalability of the business. Difficulties with registration, AML requirements/KYC, nuances of tax residency, restrictions on working with payment gateways (Stripe, PayPal, Wise), currency controls, the public register of owners – all these issues require not only legal accuracy but also a deep understanding of international trends.

How to choose a country to register an affiliate company with minimal taxes and maximum legality? Where is it easiest for a non-resident to open an account for an affiliate business? Which countries provide privacy and flexibility, and where can risks and compliance barriers “strangle” a project at launch?

In this article I, Nikita Veremeev, share COREDO’s experience and strategies that have allowed dozens of clients not only to avoid typical pitfalls but also to build scalable, transparent, and profitable affiliate structures in the EU, Asia, the UAE and Africa.

If you want not only an overview of jurisdictions but also practical recommendations that actually work, be sure to read to the end.

Choosing a country for affiliate marketing: why it matters

Illustration for the section «Choosing a country for affiliate marketing: why it matters» in the article «Affiliate marketing: choosing a country to open a company»

In the world of affiliate marketing the corporate structure is not just a legal shell, but the foundation for tax optimization, access to payment systems and asset protection. In practice COREDO confirms: the choice of country affects not only the level of tax burden, but also the ability to legally scale traffic arbitrage, work with affiliate networks and ensure AML compliance/KYC requirements.

How to choose a jurisdiction for an affiliate business

COREDO’s experience shows that when choosing a country to register an affiliate company the following parameters are critical:

  • Tax residency: Determines where your company will pay taxes and be subject to reporting. It is important to take into account CFC regulations and international agreements on the exchange of tax information (CRS, FATCA).
  • Corporate mobility: The ability to manage remotely, e-residency, digital identification and company registration online for affiliate business.
  • Ease of opening corporate accounts: For traffic arbitrage and working with international payment systems (Stripe, PayPal) rapid account opening for a non-resident affiliate company is critical.
  • Privacy and publicity of the owners’ register: To protect the ultimate beneficial owner (UBO) and minimize reputational risks.
COREDO’s practice shows that the optimal choice of jurisdiction for affiliate marketing is always a balance between tax burden, compliance and real business goals.

The impact of taxes and CFC on affiliate income

International taxation for affiliate companies: it’s not only the corporate tax rate but also principles of tax transparency, CFC (Controlled Foreign Corporation) rules and tax residency. For example, in Estonia corporate tax is levied only when profit is distributed (0% on reinvested profit, 20% when dividends are paid), while in the UAE corporate tax ranges from 0 to 9% depending on the zone and type of activity.

The solutions developed by COREDO allow clients to use tax incentives for IT companies, free zones and double taxation avoidance agreements. At the same time it is important to remember: excessive «offshoring» can lead to account blocks, refusal to work with payment gateways and increased scrutiny from tax authorities.

AML, KYC and banking compliance – risks and limitations

Since 2023 regulators in the EU, the UK and Singapore have tightened AML/KYC requirements for affiliate companies, especially when opening accounts for non-residents and working with international payment systems. COREDO’s experience shows: successful company registration for affiliate marketing is impossible without strict adherence to KYC, AML and banking compliance procedures.

COREDO’s real cases confirm: with an improper structure or opaque sources of income banks may refuse to open an account or block transactions.

Therefore when choosing a country to open a company it is important to assess not only tax but also compliance risks in advance.

Where to register an affiliate company: EU, Asia, UAE, Africa

Illustration for the section «Where to register an affiliate company: EU, Asia, UAE, Africa» in the article «Affiliate marketing: choosing a country to open a company»

International business registration for affiliate marketing requires an in-depth analysis not only of tax rates, but also of corporate reporting requirements, data protection, currency controls and the availability of banking services. The COREDO team has executed projects in more than 15 jurisdictions, which allows an objective comparison of their advantages and limitations.

EU: taxes and benefits for business

  • Estonia: e-residency, the ability to register a company remotely, corporate tax 0% on undistributed profits, strict reporting requirements and GDPR. Opening a bank account for an affiliate company for a non-resident is challenging but solvable with digital identification and proper assistance.
  • Malta: Attractive for iGaming licensing and affiliate projects, corporate tax from 5% (after tax refunds to shareholders), mandatory audit, well-developed intellectual property protection.
  • United Kingdom: Corporate tax 19%, public register of owners, strict banking compliance, mandatory audit and reporting.

Business registration in Singapore and Hong Kong

  • Singapore: Minimal share capital, territorial taxation principle (17% only on income from Singapore), no currency controls, high level of privacy and data protection. Company registration takes 3–7 days, at least one resident director is required. Opening a bank account for an affiliate company is possible, but banks require transparency of the structure and sources of income.
  • Hong Kong: Corporate tax 8.25–16.5% only on income earned in Hong Kong, high level of privacy, no currency controls, ease of registration and remote management. Special attention is paid to intellectual property protection and compliance.

Preferential regimes and free zones in the UAE

  • UAE: Corporate tax 0–9% depending on the free zone, no currency controls, possibility of 100% foreign ownership, ease of opening accounts. Requirements for founders and directors depend on the specific free zone, but often one shareholder and one director are sufficient. Free zones offer tax holidays, simplified reporting and a high level of privacy.

Africa: risks and opportunities for business

  • Seychelles, Mauritius: Offshore regimes with corporate tax 0–15%, high level of corporate secrecy, no mandatory audit, but there are risks of currency controls and restrictions on working with international payment systems. For affiliate companies it is important to consider limitations on profit repatriation and licensing requirements.

Table of jurisdictions for affiliate business

Jurisdiction Corp. tax AML/KYC Account opening Privacy Audit/reporting Free zones Features
Estonia 0%/20% High Difficult Medium Yes No e-Residency
Malta 5-35% High Medium Medium Yes No iGaming licenses
United Kingdom 19% High Difficult Low Yes No Public register
UAE 0-9% Medium Easy High No (in free zone) Yes No profit tax
Singapore 17% High Medium High Yes No No currency controls
Hong Kong 8.25-16.5% High Medium High No No Tax only on income from HK
Africa (Seychelles, Mauritius) 0-15% Medium Medium High No Yes Offshore regimes

Company registration for affiliate marketing

Illustration for the section «Company registration for affiliate marketing» in the article «Affiliate marketing: choosing a country to open a company»

COREDO’s experience shows: the success of registering a company for affiliate marketing depends not only on the choice of country, but also on strict compliance with procedures, requirements for founders, and proper preparation of documents.

Requirements for founders and directors by country

  • Singapore and Estonia require at least one resident director; in the UAE and Malta 100% foreign ownership is allowed.
  • The ultimate beneficial owner (UBO) must be disclosed in most jurisdictions, but the level of register publicity varies (for example, in the UK it’s public, in the UAE it’s confidential).
  • To register a company online for an affiliate business in Estonia and Singapore, digital identification and address verification are required.

Registration: stages and documents

  • Preparation of incorporation documents (articles of association, information about directors and shareholders, address verification).
  • Submitting an application to register the company online or through a local agent.
  • Receiving the certificate of incorporation and corporate documents.
  • opening a bank account for an affiliate company by a non-resident (requires passing KYC and AML procedures).
  • Obtaining licenses (if required) for marketing or financial services.
The implementation of such projects at COREDO has shown: automating document collection and digital identification speed up the registration process and minimize the risk of rejection.

Due to the implementation of digital solutions, the next stage — opening a corporate account — requires separate attention, as it is associated with a number of specific challenges and nuances.

Opening a corporate account: challenges and tips

  • In the EU and the UK, banks require a detailed business plan, proof of income sources, and a transparent UBO structure.
  • In the UAE and Singapore, opening an account for an affiliate company is possible remotely, but success depends on the quality of the KYC package preparation.
  • For working with payment gateways (Stripe, PayPal, Wise), it is important to choose jurisdictions that are not on the FATF ‘grey’ lists FATF and that support international payment systems.
COREDO’s practice confirms: a preliminary compliance audit and preparation for the bank interview significantly increase the likelihood of opening an account for non-residents.

AML, KYC and GDPR: what you need to know

  • In the EU and the UK, strict KYC and AML rules apply to affiliate companies, as well as data protection requirements (GDPR).
  • In Singapore and Hong Kong, the emphasis is on digital identification and transparency of sources of funds.
  • In UAE free zones, a minimal set of documents is required, but banks conduct their own compliance checks.

COREDO’s AML consulting solutions enable clients to ensure full compliance with international standards and avoid account blocks.

Thus, approaches to AML, KYC and data protection vary greatly by region and affect the processes of opening and servicing accounts.

Taxes and Reporting for Affiliate Companies by Country

Illustration for the section «Taxes and Reporting for Affiliate Companies by Country» in the article «Affiliate marketing: choosing a country to open a company»

Effective tax optimization for affiliate companies is impossible without taking into account tax residency, CFC regulation, and the specifics of corporate reporting.

Tax residency and double taxation

  • A company’s tax residency determines where it is obliged to pay taxes and file reports.
  • To avoid double taxation, it is important to use DTA (Double Taxation Agreements) between the countries of registration and the markets of operation.
  • COREDO’s experience shows: a well-designed structure using holding companies and free zones can minimize the tax burden and legally repatriate profits.

Corporate reporting and CFC audit

  • In the EU and the UK, an audit and corporate reporting are mandatory, as well as disclosure of UBO information.
  • In the UAE and certain free zones reporting is minimal, audits are not required, but banks may request financial documentation.
  • CFC regulation requires owners of controlled foreign companies to disclose income and pay taxes in their country of tax residency.
COREDO’s practice confirms: automation of reporting and implementation of financial control allow clients to comply with requirements and minimize the risk of fines.

Preferential tax regimes and free zones

  • The UAE, Singapore, Malta and certain free zones offer tax incentives for IT companies and marketing services, including tax holidays and reduced rates.
  • It is important to note: after the end of the preferential period, the company must switch to the standard tax regime.

Legal risks for affiliate companies

Illustration for the section 'Legal risks for affiliate companies' in the article 'Affiliate marketing: choosing a country to open a company'

Legal support for affiliate business is the key to long-term stability and minimizing the risks of blocks, fines, and litigation.

Licenses and permits for business

  • In the EU and Malta, for a number of marketing and financial services licensing is required.
  • In the UAE and free zones obtaining a license is simplified, but to work with international partners it is important to comply with AML/KYC standards.
  • COREDO’s solutions include an audit of the business model and preparation of a full package of permit documentation for affiliate companies.

Currency control and payment restrictions

  • In some African and offshore jurisdictions there are restrictions on foreign exchange operations and repatriation of profits.
  • Stripe, PayPal and other payment gateways do not work with companies from “gray” zones, which limits scaling opportunities.
  • COREDO’s experience has shown: choosing a jurisdiction with a transparent currency regime and support for international payment systems is a critical success factor.

Protection of intellectual property and data

  • In the EU and the UK, strict GDPR applies; in Asia and the UAE there are local data protection laws.
  • intellectual property protection (brand, domains, content) requires registration of rights and monitoring of infringements.
  • COREDO’s practice includes developing a data protection strategy and supporting procedures for registering IP rights.

How to choose a country to register an affiliate company

Choosing a country to register an affiliate company is a strategic process that requires taking into account tax, legal, and operational factors.

Choosing a business jurisdiction – checklist

Criterion EU (Estonia, Malta) UAE (free zones) Asia (Singapore, Hong Kong) Africa (Seychelles, Mauritius)
Corporate tax 0–20% 0–9% 8.25–17% 0–15%
Account opening for non-residents Difficult Easy Moderate Moderate
AML/KYC High Medium High Medium
Owner privacy Medium High High High
Reporting requirements Yes No/minimal Yes/no No
E-residency availability Yes (Estonia) No No No
Licensing Often On request On request No
Stripe/PayPal support Yes Yes Yes Limited

Examples of successful affiliate strategies

  • To scale an affiliate business in the European and Asian markets, the COREDO team implemented a structure with a holding company in Estonia (e-residency), an operating company in the UAE (free zone), and bank accounts in Singapore and the United Kingdom. This allowed the client to minimize taxes, ensure the legality of the structure, and gain access to international payment systems.
  • For traffic-arbitrage projects, registering a company in Singapore with subsequent opening of accounts in Asian and European banks proved effective, providing flexibility and speed in settlements with partner networks.

Recommendations for entrepreneurs

  • Minimize taxes and risks: Use free zones, double taxation treaties, and preferential regimes for IT companies.
  • Ensure legality and transparency of the structure: Disclose UBOs, automate corporate reporting, comply with CFC regulations.
  • Choose a jurisdiction aligned with your scaling goals: For working with international partners and payment gateways, prioritize countries with developed banking infrastructure and support for digital identification.
  • Prepare a complete set of documents for a quick launch: Incorporation documents, proof of address, business plan, KYC/AML package, licenses (if required).
COREDO’s practice shows: a strategic approach to company registration for affiliate marketing not only reduces costs but also creates a sustainable platform for business growth and scaling.

Choosing a country for affiliate marketing

Where to open a company for affiliate marketing with minimal taxes? The most advantageous are UAE free zones, Estonia (when reinvesting profits), Malta (when reclaiming tax), Singapore and Hong Kong (territorial taxation).

Which jurisdictions provide maximum privacy for owners of affiliate businesses? UAE, Hong Kong, Singapore, African offshore jurisdictions (Seychelles, Mauritius), a high level of corporate secrecy, and minimal public disclosure of ownership registers.

How to open an account for an affiliate company in Europe or Asia? A prepared KYC/AML package, a transparent UBO structure, and a business plan are required. In Asia (Singapore, Hong Kong) and the UAE the process is simpler; in the EU and the UK it is more difficult but possible with proper support.

What are the requirements for founders when registering an affiliate company in the UAE? In most free zones one shareholder and one director are sufficient, 100% foreign ownership is allowed, and there are no residency requirements.

How to ensure AML/KYC compliance when working with international payments? Implement internal KYC/AML procedures, automate client verification, use solutions for digital identification, and regularly update your compliance policy.

If you are planning international business registration in the affiliate marketing field, the COREDO team is ready to offer practical solutions: from choosing a jurisdiction to full support for registration, licensing, and compliance.

In 2024 the Gulf countries invested more than $300 billion in the digital economy, artificial intelligence and Web3: this is more than the annual GDP of several European countries. The UAE and Saudi Arabia are no longer simply testing regulatory sandboxes, they are scaling digital transformation at the level of national strategies, creating a unique business environment for international companies. Over the past three years the COREDO team has implemented dozens of projects for company registration, obtaining financial licenses and supporting digital initiatives in the region, and we see: the pace of change and the depth of technology integration here surpass global trends.

In 2024 the Gulf countries invested more than $300 billion in the digital economy, artificial intelligence and Web3: this is more than the annual GDP of several European countries.
The UAE and Saudi Arabia are no longer simply testing regulatory sandboxes, they are scaling digital transformation at the level of national strategies, creating a unique business environment for international companies.

Why should international business now take a close look at the “digital sands” of the UAE and Saudi Arabia? Because new rules of the game are being formed here: access to advanced computing capacity, a transparent regulatory environment, unique tax incentives and comprehensive support for tech companies. But along with opportunities the challenges grow: from complying with AML requirements to managing digital identity and protecting data in megaprojects.

But along with opportunities the challenges grow: from complying with AML requirements to managing digital identity and protecting data in megaprojects.
What is the digital transformation of the UAE really changing for business? How can you use supercomputer infrastructure, Web3 and blockchain integration, IT talent attraction programs and new financial instruments to scale and protect your company’s interests?

In this article I will analyze in detail the strategies, cases and practical solutions that the COREDO team applies when supporting international clients at every stage of their digital journey. Read to the end — here you will find not only answers to current questions, but also strategic ideas for growing your business in the region.

Read to the end — here you will find not only answers to current questions, but also strategic ideas for growing your business in the region.

Digitalization of the UAE and Saudi Arabia

Illustration for the section «Digitalization of the UAE and Saudi Arabia» in the article «Digital sands of the UAE transformation of the economy and technologies»

The Saudi Vision 2030 and UAE Centennial 2071 strategies: these are not just plans for economic diversification, but roadmaps for a complete departure from oil dependence through the development of the digital economy, artificial intelligence, biotechnology and the data economy. The solution developed by COREDO for clients includes a deep analysis of these programs and their impact on the corporate environment.

Saudi Vision 2030 provides for the creation of new sectors — from cloud computing to biotechnology and PropTech, as well as the integration of digital platforms for business. UAE Centennial 2071 emphasizes sustainable development through technology, strategic planning of the digital economy and the formation of innovation hubs. COREDO’s practice confirms: participation in government digitalization programs opens access to grants, accelerators, tax incentives and partner networks, which is critical for rapid market entry.

COREDO’s practice confirms: participation in government digitalization programs opens access to grants, accelerators, tax incentives and partner networks, which is critical for rapid market entry.

Thus, integration into government digitalization programs becomes an integral part of the strategy of companies seeking to operate in the region’s new markets — which is directly related to issues of digital sovereignty in the Gulf countries.

Digital sovereignty in the Gulf countries

The UAE and Saudi Arabia are striving for digital sovereignty, minimizing dependence on foreign cloud platforms and creating their own computing capacities. The deployment of national language models (Falcon LLM), the development of supercomputer clusters and distributed ledgers (DLT) allow companies to control data, ensure security and comply with local regulatory requirements.

The COREDO team has implemented projects to integrate cloud technologies and build digital infrastructure for startups, which enabled clients not only to protect digital identity but also to increase transparency of business processes. In the context of globalization, digital sovereignty becomes the key factor of resilience and competitiveness.

Supercomputers of the UAE and Saudi Arabia: investments and infrastructure

Illustration for the section «Supercomputers of the UAE and Saudi Arabia: investments and infrastructure» in the article «Digital sands of the UAE transformation of the economy and technologies»

Over the past two years the UAE and Saudi Arabia have invested billions of dollars in purchasing computing capacity: GPUs, NVIDIA H100 chips, GB300, Blackwell, as well as creating Condor Galaxy supercomputers and partnering with Cerebras Systems. These investments form the foundation for AI, Web3 development and startup scaling.

Solutions developed at COREDO include analysis of the possibilities of using supercomputer infrastructure for international companies: from launching neural networks for business to automating business processes and building digital platforms. International partnerships in AI and Web3 are another growth driver: participation in joint R&D centers provides access to unique technologies and reduces development costs.

Falcon LLM and language models for business

The creation of national language models, such as Falcon LLM,, is a strategic step toward independence and customization of AI solutions for regional business. COREDO’s experience has shown that localizing neural networks for industry-specific tasks (finance, real estate, logistics) allows clients not only to increase efficiency but also to ensure compliance with the national artificial intelligence strategy.

The implementation of neural networks for business is not just automation, but a transition to personalized services, data management in megaprojects and the integration of AI into the corporate sector. Examples from practCOREDO’s case studies demonstrate how national LLMs speed up the processing of legal documents, optimize AML procedures and increase the transparency of financial flows.

IT workforce: golden visa and training of the future

Illustration for the section «IT workforce: golden visa and training of the future» in the article «Digital Sands of the UAE: transformation of the economy and technologies»

The UAE and Saudi Arabia are forming a global hub of tech talent, attracting specialists through the golden visa, Premium Residency programs and investments in education. The MBZAI University of Artificial Intelligence and the KAUST center for fundamental research are key elements of this ecosystem.

The COREDO team assisted clients in obtaining golden visas for IT specialists, allowing them to legally work and develop businesses in the region. Talent programs include not only benefits for specialists but also future accelerators in Dubai, where startups gain access to digital infrastructure, cloud technologies and expert support.

Reverse brain drain in Dubai

Reverse brain drain, a unique phenomenon when talented specialists return or move to the region thanks to attractive conditions and startup support. Future accelerators in Dubai provide companies not only with financing but also access to supercomputer clusters, IoT infrastructure and Smart Dubai.

COREDO’s practice confirms: participation in accelerators requires meeting high standards: a transparent structure, compliance with AML requirements, and an innovative business model. Comprehensive support during company registration and obtaining financial licenses becomes critically important for a successful launch.

AI and Web3 megaprojects: NEOM, XVRS, UAE

Illustration for the section «AI and Web3 megaprojects: NEOM, XVRS, UAE» in the article «Digital Sands of the UAE: transformation of the economy and technologies»

NEOM and XVRS: megaprojects where the integration of artificial intelligence, Web3 and blockchain is changing approaches to infrastructure, city services and investments. As part of the UAE’s digital strategy, projects on metaverses, digital twins and data management through AR/VR interfaces are being implemented.

The COREDO team supported clients in integrating Web3 into government services, which enabled the automation of legal processes, increased transparency and reduced costs. Megaprojects are becoming a testing ground for implementing RWA (real world assets) on the blockchain, tokenizing real estate and creating digital identities for businesses and citizens.

Integration of AI and blockchain for data

Real cases from COREDO’s practice show how artificial intelligence and blockchain are used to manage data in megaprojects, ensure transparency of construction projects and optimize logistics chains. For example, the implementation of blockchain solutions allowed a COREDO client to create a transparent data management system, reduce risks and increase investor confidence.

Digital dirham: a new instrument opening opportunities for financial inclusion, reducing transaction costs and integrating businesses into the region’s digital economy.

However, its implementation requires a careful risk analysis, compliance with regulatory requirements and the adaptation of corporate processes.

Blockchain and digital assets in the UAE

Illustration for the section «Blockchain and digital assets in the UAE» in the article «Digital Sands of the UAE: transformation of the economy and technologies»

Blockchain is becoming an infrastructural layer of the Gulf’s digital economy. The COREDO team has implemented projects on tokenizing real estate in Dubai, launching PropTech solutions and issuing digital bonds on the Abu Dhabi stock exchange. Management of digital assets and regulation of virtual assets (VARA) are key elements of the new financial architecture.

RWA tokenization allows investors to access previously unavailable assets, speeds up transactions and increases transparency. Examples from COREDO’s practice show that blockchain-based PropTech is changing the real estate market, lowering barriers to entry and creating new investment models.

Against this background, regulation of the digital dirham is becoming a crucial factor for financial inclusion and the further development of the industry.

Regulation of the digital dirham and inclusion

The UAE is creating transparent rules for the crypto industry, promoting financial inclusion through digital currencies and the digital dirham. Solutions developed at COREDO include supporting clients in obtaining licenses to manage virtual assets, integrating digital platforms for businesses and complying with AML requirements.

Financial inclusion through digital currencies reduces barriers for small and medium-sized businesses, opens access to international markets and simplifies cross-border payment procedures. It is important to take into account the specifics of virtual asset and cryptocurrency regulation in Dubai to minimize risks and ensure sustainable business development.

Digital transformation in the UAE and Saudi Arabia: risks and solutions

The region’s digital transformation is accompanied by new challenges: cybersecurity, data protection, a talent shortage, control of technology exports and regulatory risks. The COREDO team analyzes the risks of the Gulf’s digital economy and offers solutions: from implementing digital identity management systems to building comprehensive data protection in megaprojects.

The region’s digital transformation is accompanied by new challenges: cybersecurity, data protection, a talent shortage, control of technology exports and regulatory risks.

For tech companies it is critical to consider tax and legal aspects when launching a business in the UAE and Saudi Arabia: registration rules, licensing requirements, and the specifics of virtual asset regulation. COREDO’s practice shows that strategic planning and comprehensive support at all stages minimize risks and ensure long-term resilience.

Digital transformation of the UAE and Saudi Arabia

The digital transformation of the UAE and Saudi Arabia is not just a technological trend but a fundamental change in the business climate, opening strategic advantages for international companies. The UAE economy is becoming a global innovation hub where strategic digital economy planning is combined with access to unique infrastructure, talent and financial instruments.

COREDO’s experience shows: a successful strategy for scaling a business with anduse of the UAE’s infrastructure includes the registration of a legal entity, obtaining financial licenses, the integration of AI and Web3, digital asset management and compliance with regulatory requirements. It is precisely comprehensive support and deep expertise that enable our clients not only to enter new markets but also to build sustainable competitive advantages in the digital economy of the Persian Gulf.

COREDO’s experience shows: a successful strategy for scaling a business using the UAE’s infrastructure includes the registration of a legal entity, obtaining financial licenses, integration of AI and Web3, management of digital assets and compliance with regulatory requirements.

If you are looking for a reliable partner for company registration, obtaining a license, AML consulting or support for digital initiatives: the COREDO team is ready to offer solutions that meet the highest standards of the region. Your next step in the UAE’s ‘digital sands’ could be the beginning of a new era for your business.

If you are looking for a reliable partner for company registration, obtaining a license, AML consulting or support for digital initiatives: the COREDO team is ready to offer solutions that meet the highest standards of the region.

By 2025 more than 80% of international companies in the EU and Asia had already integrated digital technologies into corporate governance, and according to McKinsey, the digitization of corporate governance can increase decision-making speed by 35% and reduce operating costs by up to 25%[EN: McKinsey, 2024][EN: OECD, 2023].

But why do some companies use digital corporate governance as a growth lever while others face barriers and risks? How can you ensure not only technological transformation but also legal integrity, transparency and the strategic resilience of the business in the digital economy?

When I, together with the COREDO team, developed a strategy for a large holding with offices in the EU and Asia, we faced a classic challenge: how to unify heterogeneous business processes, meet AML and compliance requirements, ensure digital business transparency and at the same time not lose management flexibility?

The answer was a comprehensive approach to digital corporate governance.
Digital corporate governance is not just the implementation of new IT solutions. It is a systemic transformation of corporate procedures based on digital technologies, standards and automation, which enables companies to effectively manage corporate structure, shareholder capital, risks and compliance in the digital economy.
At the core are the digitization of corporate governance, electronic corporate documents, digital corporate policies and transparency of all managerial decisions.

Historical stages and drivers of the digitization of corporate governance

Illustration for the section ‘Historical stages and drivers of the digitization of corporate governance’ in the article ‘Digital corporate governance: what it is and why organizations need it’

The evolution of digital corporate governance went through several key stages:

  1. Automation of individual business processes (ERP, electronic documents).
  2. Integration of digital platforms for managing the board of directors, shareholders and corporate committees.
  3. Transition to hybrid governance models, where digital integration of business processes ensures synchronization of distributed teams and business units.
  4. Use of artificial intelligence, big data and blockchain for digital audit, control and transparency of corporate decisions[EN: Deloitte, 2024][DE: BCG, 2023].

COREDO’s practice confirms: the drivers of digital transformation are not only technological progress, but also the tightening of international corporate governance standards, increased requirements for AML and compliance, as well as the need to manage risks and corporate responsibility in the context of globalization.

Digital corporate governance: tools and components

Illustration for the section ‘Digital corporate governance: tools and components’ in the article ‘Digital corporate governance: what it is and why organizations need it’

Automation of corporate governance and digitization of business processes

Illustration for the section ‘Automation of corporate governance and digitization of business processes’ in the article ‘Digital corporate governance: what it is and why organizations need it’

The implementation of digital tools for companies begins with the automation of corporate governance and the digitization of business processes. Solutions developed at COREDO allow clients to implement decision-making automation, digital integration of business processes and build digital enterprise governance based on modern BPM and ERP systems.

For international holdings, automation of corporate governance becomes a critical factor for scaling and risk management. For example, for a COREDO client in the fintech sector, we implemented digital platforms that allowed automating control of corporate procedures, reducing the human factor and ensuring digital synchronization of business units across different jurisdictions.

Virtual board meetings and electronic shareholder voting

Illustration for the section ‘Virtual board meetings and electronic shareholder voting’ in the article ‘Digital corporate governance: what it is and why organizations need it’

The digitization of corporate governance is impossible without the transition to virtual board meetings and electronic shareholder voting. This not only speeds up processes, but also provides digital identification of participants, protects the digital rights of shareholders and minimizes legal risks.

The COREDO team implemented projects to deploy digital platforms for remote board management, which is especially relevant for companies with distributed structures. Electronic corporate meetings and electronic shareholder voting increase owner engagement and the quality of corporate dialogue, as well as ensure the legal integrity of procedures in accordance with international standards.

Digital reporting and data management in the corporation

Illustration for the section ‘Digital reporting and data management in the corporation’ in the article ‘Digital corporate governance: what it is and why organizations need it’

Digital reporting for business and data management in the corporation are key elements of digital corporate governance standards. COREDO’s solutions in this area include the implementation of digital reporting standards (IFRS, XBRL), automation of data preparation and verification, as well as building a digital trail of management decisions for transparency and audit.

In one of COREDO’s cases for a holding with offices in the EU and Singapore, we integrated digital platforms for corporate reporting management, which allowed the client not only to meet regulatory requirements but also to increase the speed of report preparation by 40%.

Innovative technologies: AI, blockchain, cloud solutions, big data

The implementation of artificial intelligence in corporate governance, blockchain for corporate governance, cloud solutions for the board of directors and the integration of big data into management is no longer futurology, but a practice that the COREDO team implements

for clients.

AI enables automation of corporate risk analysis, detection of anomalies in managerial decisions, and enhancement of the company’s digital resilience. Blockchain ensures immutability of electronic corporate documents and transparency of transactions. Cloud solutions simplify access to corporate data for distributed teams and provide cybersecurity for corporate data at the level of international standards[EN: Gartner, 2023][JP: Nikkei, 2024].

Digital governance for international companies

Improving business efficiency and agility

Digitalization of corporate governance enables companies with an international structure to increase business efficiency and agility through automation of corporate procedures, digital enterprise management, and cost optimization. COREDO’s practice shows that a company’s digital resilience is directly related to the level of automation and digital integration of business processes.

In COREDO’s case for a European group of companies, implementing digital platforms reduced the time for approving internal decisions from weeks to hours, increased process transparency, and lowered operational expenses by 18%.

Transparency, control, and protection of shareholders’ interests

Corporate governance in the digital economy requires not only efficiency but also maximum transparency, control, and protection of shareholders’ interests. Digital equity management, electronic corporate documents, and digital business transparency are tools that allow shareholders to monitor corporate decisions in real time.

COREDO’s solutions for digital deal support and electronic document management ensure legal integrity and transparency at all stages of corporate procedures, which is especially important for companies operating across multiple jurisdictions.

Reducing operational and legal risks

Digital risk management, digital deal support and digital compliance management allow minimizing operational and legal risks. Implemented COREDO projects show that digital compliance and AML provide not only compliance with international standards but also a reduction in the likelihood of errors related to human factors.

As part of supporting M&A transactions in the EU and Asia, the COREDO team implemented digital corporate risk scenarios, which enabled the client to respond promptly to changes in regulatory requirements and provide digital business transparency for investors.

Legal compliance in corporate governance

Electronic corporate documents and virtual meetings: legal requirements

The transition to electronic corporate documents and virtual board meetings requires taking into account the specifics of legislation in each jurisdiction. COREDO’s solutions are always built on a deep analysis of the digital transformation of corporate legislation, the company’s digital policies, and regulations.

For example, the Czech Republic and Estonia have progressive rules for electronic corporate meetings and digital identification of participants, while the United Kingdom and Singapore pay special attention to the legal force of electronic signatures and the storage of corporate documentation in the cloud. The COREDO team ensures the legal integrity of all procedures by integrating the company’s digital policies and regulations into the client’s corporate structure.

Digital compliance and AML: compliance with international standards

Digital compliance management, digital compliance and AML are key elements of corporate resilience in the digital economy. COREDO’s solutions for digital deal support and automation of compliance procedures allow clients to meet international standards of the FATF, the EU and MAS (Singapore), as well as digital reporting standards.

In one of COREDO’s projects for a fintech company in Slovakia, we implemented digital compliance and AML based on an automated platform, which enabled the client to undergo Licensing and audits without remarks from the regulator.

Cybersecurity of corporate data

Cybersecurity of corporate data is one of the main challenges of digitalizing corporate governance. COREDO’s solutions include digital audit and control, digital identification of participants, and multi-layered protection of corporate systems.

In COREDO’s practice for clients in the EU and Asia, particular attention is paid to building cybersecurity systems based on international standards ISO/IEC 27001, implementing SIEM and SOC for incident monitoring, as well as regular digital audits of the company.

Digital corporate governance: cases and solutions

Best practices for digitalizing corporate governance in the EU and Asia

COREDO’s experience in the EU and Asia shows that successful digitalization of corporate secretary functions, implementation of a digital corporate secretary, and digital corporate committees enable companies not only to speed up corporate procedures but also to ensure transparency and control at all levels of management.

In the case for an Estonian company, the COREDO team implemented a digital platform for managing corporate committees, which allowed the client to automate the preparation and storage of electronic corporate documents and improve interaction efficiency between owners and management.

Integration of digital platforms for managing the board of directors and shareholder meetings

Digital management platforms and digital solutions for managing shareholder meetings online are becoming the standard for international companies. COREDO’s solutions for integrating digital tools for remote board management allow clients to hold electronic corporate meetings, electronic shareholder voting, and provide digital deal support in real time.

Metrics and KPIs of digital corporate governance effectiveness

Assessing the effectiveness of digital corporate governance requires implementing digital management performance metrics and digital reporting for the business. COREDO’s practice uses the following KPIs:

Metric/KPI Description Measurement tools
Decision-making speed Average time from initiation to execution BI systems, corporate portals
Shareholder engagement level Share of active voting participants Electronic voting platforms
Share of automated business processes % of processes implemented through IT ERP, BPM systems
Number of cybersecurity incidents Registeredincidents for the period SIEM, SOC
Compliance with regulatory standards Percentage of successful audits Compliance control systems

Risks of digitalizing corporate governance

Technological and organizational barriers

The digitalization of business processes and the automation of corporate governance require not only investments in IT, but also restructuring of the organization, changes in corporate culture, and integration of new digital standards. COREDO’s experience shows that digital integration of business processes and a company’s digital resilience are possible only with the support of top management and systematic staff training.

Legal and compliance risks in international scaling

Scaling digital deal support and digital compliance management across different countries involves risks of mismatched regulatory requirements, conflicts of interest between shareholders and management, as well as the need to manage ESG factors. The COREDO team develops the company’s digital policies and regulations taking into account the specifics of each jurisdiction.

Practical recommendations for minimizing risks

To minimize the risks of digital governance, COREDO recommends:

  • Carry out regular digital audits and digital controls of the company.
  • Implement digital business transparency at all stages of corporate procedures.
  • Integrate digital corporate governance standards and digital scenarios of corporate risks into the corporate strategy.

Digital corporate governance – implementation

Stages of implementing digital corporate procedures

The solution developed by COREDO proposes the following algorithm:

  1. Analysis and digitalization of business processes taking into account international standards.
  2. Automation of corporate governance using modern BPM and ERP systems.
  3. Digital integration of business processes and digital synchronization of business units.

Choosing digital platforms and management tools

The choice of digital platforms for management and digital tools for companies should be based on an analysis of corporate structure, compliance requirements, and the specifics of the jurisdiction. COREDO’s practice confirms the effectiveness of implementing digital corporate committees and a digital corporate secretary to manage corporate procedures.

Organizing staff training and adapting corporate culture

Digital business transformation is impossible without staff training and adapting corporate culture to the new standards of corporate governance in the digital economy. COREDO’s solutions include training programs on a company’s digital resilience, digital personnel management, and the implementation of digital corporate governance standards.

Conclusions and advice for business

Summary recommendations for entrepreneurs and executives

  • Implement digital corporate governance as a strategic tool for growth and resilience.
  • Use digital business transformation to increase transparency, efficiency, and control.
  • Integrate digital business transparency and the company’s digital resilience into the corporate strategy.

Checklist for implementing digital corporate governance

  • Conduct a digital audit and control of current corporate procedures.
  • Implement digital tools for companies and digital support for transactions.
  • Ensure compliance with digital corporate governance standards and AML requirements.

Proceed to answers to the most pressing questions from entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurs’ questions, FAQ

How to register a company in the EU or Asia taking digital requirements into account?

company registration in the EU or Asia requires consideration of electronic corporate documents, digital identification of participants, and compliance with digital reporting standards. COREDO’s experience shows that in Singapore, the Czech Republic, Estonia, and Cyprus the digitalization of corporate procedures has already become standard.

How to ensure AML and compliance when digitalizing governance?

Digital corporate governance should include automated digital compliance and AML systems, integration with international registries and transaction monitoring platforms. COREDO’s solutions allow clients to undergo licensing and audits without remarks from regulators.

Which digital tools should you choose to manage the board of directors?

For remote management of the board of directors, cloud solutions, digital management platforms, and shareholder electronic voting tools are optimal. COREDO’s practice confirms the effectiveness of integrating such platforms for companies with a distributed structure.

How to ensure cybersecurity of corporate data?

Cybersecurity is achieved through the implementation of digital audits and controls, multi-layered data protection, regular incident monitoring, and staff training. COREDO’s solutions are built on the international standard ISO/IEC 27001.

How does digitalization affect the role of the corporate secretary and the functions of committees?

The digitalization of corporate governance transforms the functions of the corporate secretary, moving them into a digital format—from maintaining electronic corporate documents to automating interactions with corporate committees and shareholders. COREDO’s experience shows that the digital corporate secretary becomes a driver of transparency and efficiency in corporate procedures.

The return to cash payments is not simply a reaction to technological risks, but a strategic response to international tensions and the rise of cyber threats. In Sweden, where the share of cashless payments exceeded 90%, the government urged businesses to reassess their dependence on electronic payments. COREDO analytics show: banknotes are becoming a reserve asset, especially in crisis conditions when the resilience of the payment system is tested.

In Europe and Asia, companies face the dilemma of whether to hold liquidity in digital assets or return to cash. COREDO’s practice confirms that banknotes provide instant access to funds during banking system failures, communication breakdowns and internet outages. However, storing cash is associated with logistical and legal risks, including security, reporting and AML compliance issues.

Cash storage strategies for businesses

Effective cash storage requires strategic planning. The solution developed at COREDO for international companies includes:

  • *Diversification of denominations*: the optimal balance between large and small bills for operational payments.
  • *Organization of secured storage points* taking into account corporate security and compliance requirements.
  • *Regular inventory audits*: control of compliance with internal policies and requirements of EU and Asian regulators.
  • *Providing access to cash* for key employees in emergency situations, including force majeure scenarios.
Our experience at COREDO has shown that companies that prepare cash storage and distribution protocols in advance minimize losses during infrastructure failures and maintain the resilience of the payment system.

Client cases from the Czech Republic and Slovakia demonstrate: properly organized cash storage allows for rapid response to crisis events while preserving the financial security of the business.

Thus, well-established cash storage processes serve as a foundation for further integration of digital financial instruments into the corporate payment system.

Digital assets for business: how to accept payments

Illustration for the section ‘Digital assets for business: how to accept payments’ in the article ‘Return to cash: what it is and why it's relevant’

Alongside the return to cash, the market is experiencing explosive growth in digital assets and cryptocurrencies. In Australia and the US, the share of companies accepting crypto payments exceeded 28% in 2024. In the EU and Singapore, corporate crypto accounts have become the standard for cross-border multi-currency settlements. The decentralization of finance and blockchain payments open new opportunities for liquidity management and reducing dependence on traditional banks.

COREDO’s practice confirms: implementing cryptocurrency payment systems allows businesses to reduce fees, speed up transactions and increase financial inclusion, especially in markets with limited banking infrastructure.

Nevertheless, the growth of digital assets is accompanied by tightening cryptocurrency regulation, AML and compliance requirements, as well as volatility risks.

Crypto payments for businesses: use cases and benefits

The COREDO team has implemented crypto payment integration projects for companies in the EU, the UK and Singapore. Key advantages include:

  • *Revenue growth* through expanding customer geography and new sales channels.
  • *Reduction of bank fees* for international transactions.
  • *Multicurrency settlements*: the ability to instantly convert digital assets into fiat currency.
  • *Liquidity management* – quick access to funds regardless of the operation of banking systems.

COREDO clients note that implementing crypto payments requires a comprehensive approach to cryptocurrency regulation, AML and compliance. Our solutions include transaction audits, digital customer identification and the setup of corporate crypto accounts taking into account the requirements of EU and Asian regulators.

Trends in cashless payments and BNPL 2025

Illustration for the section ‘Trends in cashless payments and BNPL 2025’ in the article ‘Return to cash: what it is and why it's relevant’

The mass transition to cashless payments, mobile POS terminals and fintech platforms is the key trend of 2025. In China, Australia and the EU, the share of electronic payments in the corporate sector exceeds 85%. BNPL (buy now, pay later) is transforming the structure of corporate expenses, allowing companies to flexibly manage liquidity and optimize cash gaps.

Solutions developed by COREDO for international companies enable integration of fintech platforms, reduce costs on bank fees and accelerate international transactions.

COREDO analytics show: the mass transition to fintech platforms requires a reassessment of risk management strategies and the implementation of new performance metrics for payment solutions.

Practical cases of mobile payment implementations enable businesses to quickly adapt to new market requirements and improve operational efficiency.

Mobile payments for business: implementation experience

The shift in market leaders, from traditional operators (Western Union, MoneyGram) to fintech platforms (Payoneer, Wise, Revolut), has changed the corporate payments landscape. Our experience at COREDO has shown that mobile payments and fintech solutions for businesses allow:

  • *Reduce fees* for cross-border transactions.
  • *Speed up transactions* and increase process transparency.
  • *Adapt to the requirements of international regulators* on AML and compliance.
Still, the mass transition to fintech platforms is associated with new challenges: payment cybersecurity, a crisis of trust in banks, the risks of SWIFT outages and the need to choose alternative payment gateways.

COREDO’s solutions include audits of fintech infrastructure, implementation of backup channels and employee training in cybersecurity principles.

Fragmentation of payment infrastructure: risks

Illustration for the section ‘Fragmentation of payment infrastructure: risks’ in the article ‘Return to cash: what it is and why it's relevant’

Global fragmentation of the payment infrastructure: the result of technological innovations, regional regulatory barriers and the growth of alternative payment methods. In Africa, Latin America and parts of Asia, companies face the risks of internet outages, failuredisruptions of banking systems and hyperinflation, which require new liquidity management strategies.

COREDO’s practice confirms: the resilience of the payment system depends on the diversification of payment channels, reserve assets and strategic planning of the payment infrastructure.

Our solutions include risk audits, development of payment continuity protocols and implementation of alternative payment methods, including P2P transfers and corporate crypto accounts.

Financial resilience during internet and banking outages

To ensure a business’s financial resilience amid payment infrastructure outages, the COREDO team recommends:

  • *Diversification of payment instruments*, combining cash, electronic and digital assets.
  • *Implementation of backup channels* – local payment gateways, corporate POS terminals, alternative SWIFT solutions.
  • *Strategic planning*: regular audits of payment processes, training staff on outage procedures, storing liquidity across multiple jurisdictions.

COREDO client cases from Africa and the EU show: companies that integrated backup payment instruments and outage response protocols maintain operational resilience even when electronic payments are down.

Cash payments and alternative methods by region

Illustration for the section «Cash payments and alternative methods by region» in the article «Return to cash: what it is and why it is relevant»

The geography of payment preferences remains a key factor for international business. In Asia and Africa, the share of cash transactions remains at 50–70%, despite the growth of fintech solutions. In Europe, especially in Germany and Austria, paper money remains a popular instrument for large corporate deals, which is linked to cultural and economic specifics.

COREDO analytics shows: the impact of inflation, limited access to banking infrastructure and low financial inclusion encourage companies to use alternative payment methods, including stablecoins, P2P transfers and corporate crypto accounts.

Payment systems of Asia, Africa and Europe

The COREDO team has implemented projects to adapt corporate payments to regional characteristics:

  • In Thailand and the Philippines, businesses combine cash transactions with mobile payments to ensure flexibility and resilience.
  • In Nigeria and Colombia, companies use reserve assets in the form of paper money and stablecoins to protect against inflation.
  • In the EU, the optimal combination is multi-currency settlements, electronic payments and holding part of liquidity in cash.

COREDO’s strategies allow international companies to choose the optimal mix of payment instruments taking into account the geography of operations, regulatory requirements and specifics of customer preferences.

Liquidity management and AML in payments

Illustration for the section «Liquidity management and AML in payments» in the article «Return to cash: what it is and why it is relevant»

The growth of digital assets, implementation of BNPL and stablecoins are changing approaches to corporate liquidity management. In the EU and Asia, AML and compliance requirements are tightening, especially for companies dealing with cash and digital assets. COREDO’s solutions include comprehensive audits of payment processes, implementation of digital identification and configuration of corporate crypto accounts.

To assess the effectiveness of implementing new payment solutions, the COREDO team uses metrics: transaction processing speed, fee levels, resilience to outages, compliance with AML and compliance requirements.

Stablecoins or multi-currency for payroll?

The question of choosing between stablecoins and fiat currencies for employee payouts is becoming increasingly relevant. The solution developed at COREDO entails:

  • *Analysis of regulatory requirements* in each jurisdiction: central bank digital currency (CBDC), digital euro, requirements for multi-currency settlements.
  • *Assessment of volatility risks* and legal consequences of implementing stablecoins.
  • *Practical recommendations* for integrating stablecoins into corporate payment processes, including configuring corporate crypto accounts and AML compliance and compliance.

Our experience at COREDO has shown that the optimal solution depends on the geography of the business, the structure of corporate expenses and regulatory requirements. In the EU and Singapore, stablecoins are becoming an effective tool for international payments, but they require careful configuration of compliance and digital identification of employees.

Payment trends and business security 2025

2025 is a year of strategic changes in payment systems. The return to cash, growth of digital assets, mass adoption of fintech solutions and fragmentation of the global payment infrastructure require businesses to adopt new approaches to liquidity management, risk and compliance. COREDO’s practice confirms: business financial security is achieved through diversification of payment instruments, strategic planning of payment infrastructure and choosing reliable partners.

I recommend conducting an audit of your company’s payment instruments, implementing modern fintech solutions, preparing protocols for storing cash and digital assets, and ensuring compliance with AML and compliance requirements.

COREDO’s solutions enable corporate clients not only to adapt to new payment trends in 2025, but also to shape a sustainable financial security strategy amid international tensions and technological changes.

Agency agreements, branches, representative offices and even remote employees can lead to recognition of a permanent establishment (PE) if the criteria of independence and substance are not met.

Criteria for an independent agent and their verification

Illustration for the section "Criteria for an independent agent and their verification" in the article "Avoiding permanent establishment status for an operating company"

To minimize risks it is important to:

  • Conclude an agency agreement taking into account the requirements for agent independence: the agent should work for multiple clients, not be corporately linked to the principal, and make decisions independently.
  • Document functions and risks in international transactions to prove the absence of control by the foreign company.
  • Use structuring of international operations to reduce tax risks, including multijurisdictional planning and analysis of the corporate structure.

The solution developed by COREDO for one of the European groups included a comprehensive review of all agency agreements, an audit of the corporate structure and the preparation of justifications for the tax authorities.

This made it possible to ensure transparency and substantiate all processes when providing cross-border digital services, which is particularly relevant for confirming the presence or absence of a permanent establishment.

Cross-border services in digital business: recognition of a PE

Illustration for the section "Cross-border services in digital business: recognition of a PE" in the article "Avoiding permanent establishment status for an operating company"

Digital business, e-commerce and remote work (digital nomads) create new challenges for international taxation.

Cross-border provision of services through local representatives or online platforms can lead to recognition of a PE, especially if employees or representatives make decisions on the territory of another country.

COREDO’s practice confirms: for IT companies and digital businesses it is critical to regularly review business processes, document the business purpose, substance and functions of each unit, and also take into account the automatic exchange of tax information (CRS), which enables tax authorities to detect hidden presence.

In practice, this means that issues of recognizing a permanent establishment require a detailed analysis of the business structure and the formalization of the functions of each participant in the process.

Recognition of a permanent establishment: practice of tax authorities and courts

Illustration for the section "Recognition of a permanent establishment: practice of tax authorities and courts" in the article "Avoiding permanent establishment status for an operating company"

Tax authorities in the EU, Asia and Africa increasingly use a comprehensive analysis: they compare data from banks, corporate registers, employee information and contracts.

Special attention is paid to the substance-over-form principle and the economic substance of operations.

In these conditions, judicial and administrative precedents that serve as support for defending the company’s position become especially significant.

Precedents for defending the company’s position

In a recent project, the COREDO team supported a client in a dispute with tax authorities over the recognition of a PE in the Czech Republic. The key arguments were:

  • Documenting the preparatory and auxiliary nature of the activities.
  • Demonstrating the lack of authority of local representatives to conclude transactions.
  • Confirming the independence of agents through analysis of their client base and commercial autonomy.
Case law in the EU and Asia shows that a successful defense is possible only with clear documentation, a transparent corporate structure and justification of the business purpose.

How to avoid permanent establishment status

Illustration for the section "How to avoid permanent establishment status" in the article "Avoiding permanent establishment status for an operating company"

Proper structuring of international operations is the key to reducing tax risks and avoiding PE status. Here not only legal formalities matter, but also the real economic substance of the operations.

Choice of jurisdiction and substance in the EU, Asia, Africa

  • Assess the ROI of creating substance in the chosen jurisdiction: expenses for office, personnel and compliance should correspond to the potential tax savings and risk reduction.
  • choice of jurisdiction with transparent rules and predictable case law.
  • Implement multijurisdictional planning and build international holding structures taking into account the requirements for substance and business purpose.

The COREDO team carried out projects to register companies in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Cyprus, Estonia, the United Kingdom, Singapore and Dubai, where the key success factor was the combination of legal support for the business and the creation of a real presence.

How to confirm the absence of a PE: instructions

To confirm the absence of a PE it is important to:

  • Keep detailed documentation for each type of activity, agency agreements and employees’ functions.
  • Prepare justifications for tax authorities taking into account the substance-over-form principle.
  • Implement internal control and compliance procedures for international companies, including the automatic exchange of tax information and preparation for tax audits.
COREDO’s experience shows that a regular audit of the corporate structure and documentation is the best protection against unexpected claims from tax authorities.

Key conclusions and recommendations

Risk/Situation Practical measure/Recommendation
Use of dependent agents Check independence criteria, conclude an agency agreement taking into account substance and business purpose
Providing services through a branch Assess the nature of the activity (preparatory/auxiliary), keep documentation of functions
Operating in multiple jurisdictions Implement multijurisdictional planning, analyze tax treaties and substance requirements
ScalingRecognition of digital business Consider the risks of remote work, automation, digital nomads; prepare justifications for tax authorities
Implementation of new business processes Document the business purpose, substance; prepare documentation for tax authorities

Practical steps for entrepreneurs:

  • Regularly analyze the corporate structure and functions of foreign subsidiaries.
  • Implement internal control and compliance procedures that meet BEPS and MLI requirements.
  • Prepare documentation confirming the absence of a permanent establishment, substance and business purpose.
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of anti-avoidance strategies not only in terms of tax savings but also considering long-term business risks.

Entrepreneurs’ questions – FAQ

Illustration for the section «Entrepreneurs' questions - FAQ» in the article «Avoiding the status of a permanent establishment for an operating company»

What strategic risks for a group of companies arise from being recognized as a permanent establishment in the EU or Asia?

The risk of double taxation, additional assessments, fines, account freezes, loss of reputation and market access. COREDO’s practice shows that the consequences can be long-term and affect the entire group of companies.

What are the long-term consequences of being recognized as a permanent establishment for an international holding company?

An increase in the tax burden, the need to revise the corporate structure, difficulties with opening bank accounts and obtaining licenses, tightening of compliance.

What business structuring methods can reduce the likelihood of being recognized as a permanent establishment?

Building substance, implementing multi‑jurisdictional planning, arranging independent agency agreements, maintaining transparent documentation.

How to evaluate the return on investment (ROI) in creating substance in a chosen jurisdiction?

Compare expenses for office, staff and compliance with potential tax savings and risk reduction. COREDO’s experience shows that in most cases investments pay off by preventing tax claims.

What new requirements for business purpose and substance emerged after the implementation of MLI and BEPS?

Requirements for real presence, the economic substance of operations, transparency of corporate structure, and the existence of management decisions and expenses in the jurisdiction of registration.

What are the best practices for documenting activities to confirm the absence of a permanent establishment?

Maintain detailed documentation of functions, agreements, internal processes, prepare justifications for tax authorities, and perform regular audits of the corporate structure.

What difficulties arise when scaling a business across different EU countries considering permanent establishment risks?

Differences in interpretations of permanent establishment in national legislations, the need to adapt corporate procedures, and increased requirements for compliance and internal control.

How do automation and digitization of business processes affect the risk of being recognized as a permanent establishment?

Increased transparency, easier access for tax authorities to data, greater risks with remote work and digital nomads: regular audits of business processes and updates to documentation are required.

What features of permanent establishment recognition exist for digital business and e-commerce?

Particular attention is paid to the location of servers, the place of decision-making, the functions of local representatives and the automatic exchange of tax information.

How do tax authorities interpret agency and commission agreements in the context of permanent establishment?

If there are signs of dependence or control by the foreign company, the contract may be requalified, leading to recognition of a permanent establishment. It is important to document the agent’s independence and the business purpose of the agreement.

What compliance and internal control measures minimize the risk of being recognized as a permanent establishment?

Regular audits, implementation of compliance procedures, maintaining transparent documentation, training employees and agents, and preparing for tax audits.

How has the tax authorities’ approach to analyzing substance changed after the implementation of automatic exchange of information?

Greater attention to detail: not only documents but also real business processes, expenses, management and intercompany relationships are analyzed.

Which court cases challenging permanent establishment status are considered precedent-setting in the EU and Asia?

Decisions in cases on PE recognition in Germany, France, the Czech Republic and Singapore, where the key arguments were substance, business purpose and agent independence.

What are the criteria for agent independence and how can they be confirmed in practice?

An agent should serve multiple clients, make decisions independently, not be corporately linked to the principal, and have its own resources and risks.

What are the consequences of permanent establishment recognition for corporate taxation and reporting?

The emergence of tax liabilities in the country of presence, the need to maintain reporting, the risk of double taxation, and tightening of compliance requirements.

How to effectively manage permanent establishment risks when expanding into new markets?

Conduct a preliminary risk analysis, structure the business taking substance requirements into account, implement internal controls and prepare documentation for tax authorities.

What are the requirements for preparing documentation for tax authorities on permanent establishment issues?

Detailed agreements, documents on functions and expenses, minutes of management decisions, and justifications of business purpose and substance.

How does remote work of employees affect the risk of being recognized as a permanent establishment?

Remote work can lead to recognition of a permanent establishment if employees make key decisions or carry out commercial activities on the territory of another country – regular process audits are required.

What tax consequences arise when providing services through local representatives in Africa?

Risk of being recognized as a PE, the emergence of taxobligations, the need to maintain reporting and to comply with local standards.

How to assess the effectiveness of implementing anti-avoidance strategies to avoid permanent establishment status?

Compare the costs of compliance and structuring with potential tax risks and consequences; COREDO’s practice shows that preventive measures are always more effective than responding to claims from tax authorities.

If you need a tailored strategy to avoid permanent establishment status, the COREDO team is ready to offer solutions based on deep knowledge of international taxation, case law and modern compliance requirements.

Types of bank licenses

Types of bank licenses determine which financial operations credit institutions are allowed to carry out, and banks can operate only after obtaining one of such authorizations from the Central Bank. Each license type sets its own requirements and limits of authority for the bank, which is important to consider when launching or choosing a bank for cooperation.

Basic bank license: what is it?

A basic bank license is a fundamental tool for launching a credit institution with a limited range of operations.

In the EU and CIS countries, such a license allows carrying out classic banking operations: lending, attracting deposits, opening accounts for individuals and legal entities, as well as conducting basic settlement operations.

The main advantage of a basic license is its relatively low minimum authorized capital.

For example, in the Czech Republic and Slovakia this indicator starts from 5 million euros, in Estonia from 1 million euros, which makes this format attractive for startups and regional banks. Nevertheless, COREDO’s practice confirms: operation restrictions and the inability to open foreign branches significantly narrow scaling horizons. Regulation of credit institutions with a basic license is stricter, and banking supervision is stringent, especially in terms of risk management and internal audit.

The register of licensed banks in the EU is maintained by national regulators (for example, the ČNB in the Czech Republic, the FSA in Estonia), and the requirements for obtaining a license include a comprehensive review of capital structure, sources of funding and the qualifications of top management.

The solution developed by COREDO for one of its clients in the Czech Republic allowed optimizing the capital structure and accelerating the approval process with the regulator, minimizing the risk of rejection.

Benefits of a universal banking license

A universal bank license is the key to international expansion and business diversification. This type of license grants the right to carry out all types of banking operations, including investment services, issuance of securities, asset management, opening branches abroad and acquiring stakes in foreign banks.

The minimum authorized capital for a universal license is significantly higher: in the EU it starts from 5–10 million euros, in the United Kingdom from 18 million pounds sterling. The corporate structure of a credit institution becomes more complex, and the requirements for corporate governance and internal audit are stricter. COREDO’s experience has shown that strategic planning of banking activities at the licensing stage makes it possible to build in opportunities for scaling in advance, reduce costs for subsequent reorganization and increase the bank’s investment attractiveness.

For corporate clients, a universal license opens access to comprehensive financial products, international settlements and risk management tools. As part of one of COREDO’s projects for a bank in Singapore, a model was implemented that allows integrating subsidiary structures in the EU and Asia, which provided flexibility and resilience of the business to regulatory changes.

Fintech license or digital bank license

The development of fintech companies and digital banks requires special approaches to licensing.

Fintech license: this is a specialized tool for companies providing electronic payment services, mobile wallets, online lending and other innovative services. In the EU, the key standard is PSD2 (Payment Services Directive 2), which regulates electronic payment systems and licensing requirements for PSP (Payment Service Providers) and EMI (Electronic Money Institutions).

Minimum authorized capital requirements for a fintech license are significantly lower than for traditional banks: for PSPs, from 125 thousand euros; for EMIs, from 350 thousand euros. The digital transformation of banks makes it possible to launch fully online banks with minimal physical presence, which is especially relevant for the markets of Asia and the EU. The COREDO team implemented digital bank licensing projects in Estonia and Singapore, where the key success factors were flexible IT infrastructure and the implementation of AI-based KYC procedures.

Thus, licensing specifics in the fintech sector are directly related to the requirements for electronic money and payment institutions, which will be discussed in more detail below.

License for electronic money and payments

Electronic money issuer license (EMI) and a payment services license (PSP) are the basis for launching modern electronic payment systems, card issuance, international transfers and mobile payments. In the EU these licenses are regulated by PSD2 and require strict adherence to AML compliance and financial monitoring standards.

Minimum authorized capital for EMIs: from 350 thousand euros; for PSPs – from 125 thousand euros.

A particularity of licensing is the need to build a reliable risk management system, implement Due Diligence procedures and maintain ongoing interaction with a compliance officer. COREDO’s practice confirms: the implementation of automated transaction monitoring systems allows not only to meet regulatory requirements but also to reduce operational costs.

Licenses for microfinance organizations, insurance and investment companies

Microfinance organizations (MFOs), insurance and investment companies require separate types of licenses, which are regulated by national and international standards. A license for an MFO allows providing microloans, and an insurance services license enables launching life, property and liability insurance products. Licensing of investment companies covers brokerage activities, asset management and collective investments.

Financial monitoring and capital requirements for such organizations vary by jurisdiction: for MFOs in the EU – from 50 thousand euros, for insurance companies – from 3 million euros, for investment companies: from 125 thousand to 730 thousand euros. The solution developed by COREDO for an international investment company included comprehensive preparation for due diligence procedures and internal audit, which made it possible to successfully obtain licensing in several jurisdictions at once.

Stages of obtaining a banking license

Illustration for the section «Stages of obtaining a banking license» in the article «Licensing of credit institutions main types»

Stages of obtaining a banking license: this is a sequence of legal procedures and requirements that must be fulfilled to open a full-fledged bank. Each stage is regulated by federal legislation and includes key issues such as the size of the minimum authorized capital, document preparation, and the review of the application by the Bank of Russia.

Minimum authorized capital: how much is needed?

The minimum authorized capital for a license is one of the key criteria determining a bank’s capabilities.

In the EU, a basic license requires from 1 to 5 million euros, for a universal license: from 5 to 10 million euros and above. In the UK and Singapore requirements may be even stricter, especially for banks with an international structure.

The capital structure must be transparent, with a clear definition of sources of funds and shareholders’ stakes. The investment attractiveness of banks directly depends on the quality and transparency of capital: COREDO’s practice shows that regulators pay special attention to the origin of funds, ownership structure, and the presence of strategic investors. For fintech companies and EMIs the minimum authorized capital is significantly lower, but requirements for financial stability and reserves remain high.

Registration of a credit institution and the banking register

State registration of a credit institution is the first step on the way to obtaining a license. Due diligence procedures include verification of all participants in the corporate structure, analysis of funding sources, and assessment of the management team’s qualifications. Internal audit and corporate governance become mandatory elements already at the document submission stage.

The register of licensed banks is maintained by national regulators: in the EU by national central banks, in the UK – FCA and PRA, in Singapore – MAS. A solution implemented by COREDO for a client in Estonia made it possible to accelerate state registration by digitalizing document flow and integrating internal audit procedures at early stages.

Banking license in the EU, Asia, Africa: documents and procedures

The process of obtaining a banking license in the EU, Asia and Africa differs significantly in details, but includes a number of universal stages:

  • Preparation of a business plan and financial model.
  • Collection of the set of founding and corporate documents.
  • Confirmation of the capital structure and sources of funding.
  • Development of AML and KYC policy.
  • Appointment of a compliance officer and internal auditor.
  • Undergoing due diligence procedures and interviews with the regulator.

In the EU special attention is paid to compliance with international licensing standards and requirements for authorized capital. In Asia the focus is on innovative technologies and digital transformation, and in Africa – on financial inclusion and resilience to risks. COREDO’s experience shows: adapting documents to the specifics of each jurisdiction can significantly reduce application review times and increase the likelihood of approval.

AML compliance and KYC: what is it?

AML compliance for banks is not only a regulatory requirement, but also a tool for protecting the business from financial and reputational risks. Implementing KYC procedures (Know Your Customer) and financial monitoring systems makes it possible to detect suspicious transactions, prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism.

The COREDO team develops comprehensive AML policies, integrating the best international practices and automated solutions for monitoring operations. Appointing an experienced compliance officer and regularly updating due diligence procedures become mandatory conditions for successful licensing and subsequent control over the activities of credit institutions.

Types of banking licenses: comparison

License type Main operations Minimum capital Features/Restrictions Applicable jurisdictions
Basic bank license Lending, deposits Medium Restrictions on operations and branches EU, CIS
Universal bank license All banking operations High Possibility of international expansion EU, Asia, Africa
Fintech license Electronic payments, online services Medium/low For fintech companies, digital banks EU, Asia
Electronic money issuer license Issuance of electronic money, payments Medium PSD2, electronic payment systems EU, Asia
License for MFIs/Payment institutions Micro-lending, payment services Low Limits on size and operations CIS, Asia, Africa
Insurance/investment license Insurance, investment services Medium/high Risk and capital requirements EU, Asia, Africa

Licensing of banks in the EU, Asia and Africa

Illustration for the section «Licensing of banks in the EU, Asia and Africa» in the article «Licensing of credit institutions main types»

Bank licensing in the EU, Asia and Africa forms the legislative and organizational basis for the functioning of the financial sector and sustainable economic development, ensuring stability, transparency and market integration. Regional specifics and current regulatory reforms – for example, the introduction of PSD2 in Europe – reflect global trends and the specific tasks of each region.

PSD2 in European banking regulation

European banking regulation is based on EU directives, including CRD IV, CRR and PSD2. PSD2 has become a driver of digital transformation for banks, opening the market to fintech companies and electronic payment systems. Requirements for authorized capital for a banking license in Europe vary depending on the type of license, and the licensing procedure includes the mandatory implementation of AML/KYC and financial monitoring.

COREDO’s practice shows that successful licensing of banks in the EU is possible only with a deep understanding of European corporatcorporate governance, internal audit and strategic planning.

Bank and fintech licensing in Asia

In Asia, licensing of banks and fintech companies is characterized by high dynamism and a focus on innovation. Regulators in Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia actively support the digital transformation of banks, the implementation of electronic payment systems and the development of licenses for PSPs and EMIs. Minimum capital requirements may be lower than in the EU, but oversight of credit institutions’ activities and IT infrastructure requirements are extremely strict.

COREDO implemented projects for licensing digital banks and fintech companies in Singapore, where the key success factor was the introduction of automated KYC procedures and integration with global payment systems.

Licensing of banks and MFIs in Africa

African markets are characterized by a high degree of financial inclusion and rapid growth of microfinance institutions. Licensing banks in Africa requires a special approach to financial monitoring, risk management and compliance with international standards. Licenses for MFIs and licenses for international transfers become key tools for entering markets with a large share of the population unserved by banking services.

The COREDO team supported the launch of microfinance institutions and payment services in Kenya and South Africa, where special attention was paid to adapting AML procedures to local requirements and integrating with international payment systems.

How to obtain a banking license

Illustration for the section «How to obtain a banking license» in the article «Licensing of credit institutions: main types»

Obtaining a banking license is an essential step for institutions planning to conduct banking activities on a legal basis and under state supervision. Depending on the chosen format and jurisdiction, there are different types of licenses for an international bank, which it is important to familiarize yourself with at the start of the process.

Types of licenses for an international bank

The choice of license type for an international bank depends on the business model, target markets and strategic priorities. For corporate clients and banks focused on international settlements, the optimal solution is a universal license with the ability to open branches abroad and work with non-resident banks.

The solution developed by COREDO for a bank with headquarters in the EU and branches in Asia included analysis of the corporate structure, risk assessment and preparation for due diligence procedures in multiple jurisdictions simultaneously.

Licensing and scaling the business

Licensing of credit institutions directly affects the ability to scale the business, investment attractiveness and strategic risks. Introducing new types of banking licenses allows expanding the product range, entering new markets and attracting strategic investors. The ROI from implementing a universal license can be several times higher thanks to access to international markets and diversification of revenue sources.

COREDO’s experience shows: strategic planning of banking activities at the licensing stage makes it possible to minimize risks associated with changes in regulatory requirements and to ensure sustainable business growth.

Integrating effective risk management and conducting regular audits becomes the next key step for successful licensing of a credit institution.

Risk management and audit during licensing

Risk management in credit institutions: an integral part of the licensing process.

Internal audit of the bank, implementation of due diligence procedures and appointment of a compliance officer make it possible to identify and prevent potential violations, reduce regulatory and operational risks.

COREDO integrates the best international practices in risk management and internal control, ensuring compliance with regulators’ requirements and the resilience of the business to external shocks.

Practical tips for entrepreneurs

Illustration for the section «Practical tips for entrepreneurs» in the article «Licensing of credit institutions: main types»

Practical tips for entrepreneurs: this is your tool for successfully launching and growing a business taking into account key legal and financial nuances. In this section you will find step-by-step recommendations and will examine the intricacies of obtaining a lending and payments license, processes that require special attention to detail and regulatory compliance.

How to obtain a lending and payments license

  1. Assess your business model and choose the optimal type of license (basic, universal, fintech, EMI, PSP).
  2. Prepare a business plan, financial model and capital structure.
  3. Assemble the package of incorporation documents and verify sources of funding.
  4. Develop and implement an AML/KYC policy.
  5. Appoint a compliance officer and an internal auditor.
  6. Undergo due diligence procedures and submit the application to the regulator.
  7. Engage with regulators at all stages and respond promptly to inquiries.
  8. After obtaining the license — set up financial monitoring systems and internal controls.
COREDO’s practice confirms: strict adherence to these steps allows you to speed up the licensing process and minimize the risk of rejection.

AML and KYC for banks with different licenses

  • Implement automated KYC procedures for client identification.
  • Regularly update the AML policy to reflect changes in legislation.
  • Conduct internal audits and staff training.
  • Use financial monitoring systems to detect suspicious transactions.

The COREDO team develops tailored AML compliance solutions taking into account the specifics of the license and the jurisdiction.

Thus, reliable AML compliance starts with a comprehensive approach to the company’s internal processes.

How to avoid mistakes during licensing

  • Carefully analyze the regulator’s requirements in the chosen jurisdiction.
  • Do not skimp on preparing documents and due diligence.
  • Invest in corporate governance and internal audit.
  • Use the experience and expertise of specialized consultants.

Implementing these recommendations allows not only to speed up the license acquisition process, but also to ensure the long-term sustainability of the business.

Key findings and recommendations

Illustration for the section «Key findings and recommendations» in the article «Licensing of credit institutions: main types»

Licensing of credit institutions is a strategic process that determines the boundaries and opportunities of a business for years to come. The choice of license type (basic, universal, fintech, EMI, PSP, insurance, investment) depends on the business model, target markets and strategic priorities. Minimum charter capital, corporate governance structure, implementation of AML/KYC and internal audit: key factors for successful licensing.

I recommend to entrepreneurs and executives:

  • Thoroughly analyze the requirements of the chosen jurisdiction and the type of license.
  • Prepare a business plan and financial model with strategic goals in mind.
  • Implement best practices in AML compliance and corporate governance.
  • Use the expertise of professional consultants to prepare documents and support the licensing process.
COREDO’s practice confirms: a comprehensive approach to licensing, based on a deep understanding of international standards and the specifics of particular markets, allows not only to successfully go through all Stages of obtaining a license, but also to create a solid foundation for scaling and sustainable business growth.
85% of international M&A deals in Europe and Asia face legal disputes or financial claims within the first two years after closing, according to the latest Howden M&A Insurance report for 2024.
Even more striking: the average size of a claim under representations and warranties has grown by 30% over three years, and the share of deals with a cross-border element and multiple jurisdictions has reached a historic high.

Why do even experienced entrepreneurs and CFOs continue to lose millions to hidden risks despite due diligence and classic protection mechanisms? How to choose between Escrow and W&I insurance to not only close the deal but also protect the long-term interests of the business?

In this article I, Nikita Veremeev, share practical strategies for risk management in mergers and acquisitions based on COREDO’s experience in supporting M&A deals in the EU, Asia and the CIS. Here you will find not only a comparative analysis of Escrow and W&I insurance, but also concrete recommendations on deal structuring, legal risk management and choosing the optimal protection mechanism. Read the article to the end and you will get tools that really work in practice.

M&A trends in the EU, Asia and Africa

Since 2023 the M&A market in the EU and Asia has shown not only growth in deal volume but also increasing complexity of their structure. Complex deals involving multiple jurisdictions, the participation of private equity funds, and stricter disclosure requirements all bring risk management issues to the forefront. COREDO’s practice confirms: regulators in the EU and Singapore require increasingly detailed due diligence, while in Africa and the Middle East investors face unique legal and currency barriers.

The impact of jurisdiction on the choice of protection mechanism becomes key: while in the United Kingdom and Germany W&I insurance has become the standard for deals from €10 mln, in the Czech Republic and Estonia there remains a high share of Escrow accounts. Scaling M&A processes is another challenge: when closing deals simultaneously in multiple countries, unification of procedures, coordination of disclosure schedules and management of post-closing risks across different legal platforms is required.

In these conditions, instruments for securing the performance of obligations play a special role, among which escrow is one of the most in demand.

Escrow в M&A – что это такое?

Illustration for the section «Escrow in M&A - what is it?» in the article «Escrow and W-I insurance in M-A comparison of risks and approaches»

Escrow account: a classic instrument for protecting the interests of parties in M&A deals, allowing part of the purchase price to be blocked in a neutral account until the parties fulfill certain conditions.

The solution developed at COREDO for cross-border deals involves using escrow agents licensed in the EU or the United Kingdom, which ensures transparency, control over funds and minimizes disputes over price adjustments.

Unlike direct warranties, Escrow does not cover all legal risks but remains in demand in jurisdictions with a limited W&I insurance market or in deals with a high share of non-obvious risks (hidden liabilities). It is important to consider: the escrow structure, the terms of fund blocking, the conditions for their release and the distribution of interest require detailed elaboration and agreement between the parties.

Escrow account in international deals – how it works

COREDO’s practice shows that in the EU and Asia opening an escrow account requires not only standard KYC but also the coordination of a package of documents, including the purchase agreement, escrow agreement, disclosure schedules and corporate resolutions. In Singapore and the United Kingdom, the escrow agent is obliged to comply with AML requirements and ensure the confidentiality of information about the parties to the deal.

Among the limitations – the impossibility of using Escrow to cover all types of post-closing risks, the difficulty of recovering funds in a dispute and differences in the regulation of escrow agents in different countries. For example, in the Czech Republic escrow accounts can only be opened in banks, while in Estonia — through licensed financial intermediaries. It is important to determine in advance the mechanism for claim settlement and the procedure for disclosing information to release funds.

Pros and cons of Escrow for the seller and the buyer

An escrow account provides the buyer with basic protection: funds do not transfer to the seller until key risks are remedied or due diligence is completed. For the seller, it is a limitation of liability and the opportunity to accelerate closing the deal by agreeing a minimum blocking period. However, hidden costs, escrow agent fees, bank charges, and legal support expenses can significantly reduce ROI, especially in small deals.

From COREDO’s experience: in a deal to acquire a fintech company in Estonia, the use of Escrow reduced reputational risks for both parties but required a separate agreement on the distribution of interest on the account and a clear procedure for adjusting the purchase price. For the seller, Escrow is a tool for managing claims work and minimizing the risk of long disputes, but not a panacea for all types of losses.

When choosing Escrow it is important to consider not only the advantages of its use but also the possibility of integrating additional risk management methods, such as W&I insurance – a tool to protect the parties to a deal from financial losses related to breaches of warranties and obligations.

W&I страхование в M&A, что это такое?

Illustration for the section «W&I insurance in M&A, what is it?» in the article «Escrow and W-I insurance in M-A comparison of risks and approaches»

W&I insurance: a modern instrument for covering risks under representations and warranties in M&A deals, which has become the standard for large and mid-market deals in the EU, the United Kingdom, Singapore and Dubai.

The insurance policy covers the buyer’s (or seller’s) losses in the event of warranty breaches, the discovery of hidden liabilities or errors in the disclosure schedules.

The COREDO team executed projects where W&I insurance substantially reduced negotiation time, increased the investment attractiveness of the target and minimized legal risks for both parties. Unlike Escrow, W&I covers a wide range of post-closing risks, including tax, employment, environmental and corporate liabilities.

Types of W&I insurance: buy-side and sell-side

There are two main types of W&I policies: buy-sideR&W policy (insurance for the buyer) and sell-side R&W policy (for the seller). Buy-side policy provides direct coverage of the buyer’s losses and becomes the standard for transactions involving funds and strategic investors. The sell-side policy is used less often, but allows the seller to limit their liability and increase deal transparency.

The impact of industry specifics on insurance terms is significant: for fintech and IT extended cyber-risk coverage is required, and for industrial assets: environmental liabilities. Allocation of risks between the parties, coverage limits, the deductible (excess/deductible) and the policy term are discussed individually and recorded in the insurance contract.

How to settle W&I claims

Obtaining W&I insurance requires thorough due diligence, preparation of disclosure schedules and disclosure of all material information about the target company. Insurance brokers (Lloyd’s, Howden) play a key role in negotiating coverage terms, determining limits and the deductible, and in organizing claims handling.

Claim settlement difficulties arise from insufficient disclosure, disputed interpretations of warranties or attempts to minimize losses after closing. COREDO’s practice shows: timely engagement with legal advisers, clear documentation of insurance coverage terms and transparency of disclosure schedules significantly accelerate W&I policy payouts (typically 3–6 months versus 12–18 months for Escrow).

Cost of W&I insurance for M&A

The cost of W&I insurance for M&A depends on deal size, industry, jurisdiction and the level of disclosure. On average the premium is 1–2% of the coverage amount, the deductible is 0.5–1% of the purchase price. For large transactions the ROI of W&I insurance is higher than Escrow: the insurance policy allows funds to be released immediately after closing, reduces the need for large Escrow amounts and increases company value by minimizing legal risks.

In COREDO projects for clients from the EU and Singapore W&I insurance helped optimize tax consequences, improve the financial stability of the parties and use the insurance policy as an argument when adjusting the purchase price. Performance metrics include not only direct savings on fees, but also a reduced likelihood of litigation, faster integration and increased investment attractiveness of the target.

Escrow or W&I: which to choose?

Illustration for the section «Escrow or W&I: which to choose?» in the article «Escrow and W-I insurance in M-A comparison of risks and approaches»

The choice between Escrow and W&I insurance is a strategic decision that affects deal structure, risk allocation and the final business valuation. Escrow provides basic protection but limits coverage to the amount in the account and does not protect against all types of post-closing risks. W&I insurance covers a wide range of liabilities, speeds up closing and minimizes long-term consequences for both parties.

Comparison of Escrow and W&I insurance

Parameter Escrow account W&I insurance
Risk coverage Limited Extended
Speed of access to funds Delay until settlement Quick access after closing
Claim review period Lengthy Faster
Cost Fixed fees Insurance premium, deductible
Confidentiality Medium High
ROI Depends on the volume of disputes Higher for large transactions

Escrow or W&I insurance when buying a business

COREDO’s practice confirms: the choice of mechanism depends on jurisdiction, deal size, industry and the parties’ structure. In the EU and the UK for transactions above €10 million W&I insurance becomes the optimal solution, especially when investment funds are involved. In Asia and Africa, where the W&I market is still developing, Escrow remains relevant but requires detailed drafting of terms and consideration of local regulatory specifics.

selection criteria include: availability of licensed insurance brokers, disclosure requirements, industry specifics, the possibility of combining mechanisms (for example, Escrow to cover non-insurable risks and W&I for key warranties). In complex cross-jurisdictional deals the COREDO team recommends using both instruments to maximize protection of the parties’ interests.

Practical tips for business

Illustration for the section «Practical tips for business» in the article «Escrow and W-I insurance in M-A comparison of risks and approaches»

Practical tips for business not only reduce risks when concluding complex transactions, but also increase transparency and protection of all parties’ interests. Using tools such as escrow accounts and specialized insurance (W&I) becomes an important part of effective deal structuring and minimization of financial and legal risks.

How to structure a deal with Escrow and W&I

  1. Conduct thorough due diligence taking into account all jurisdictions and industry specifics.
  2. Identify the list of risks requiring coverage: hidden liabilities, tax, employment, environmental and corporate risks.
  3. Agree on the deal structure: the size and term of the Escrow, limits and terms of W&I insurance, adjustment of the purchase price.
  4. Prepare disclosure schedules and ensure transparency of information for the insurance broker and the escrow agent.
  5. Implement process automation: use digital platforms to monitor fulfillment of deal conditions and control funds in the Escrow account.
  6. Record in the contract the procedure for claim settlement, allocation of costs and the dispute resolution mechanism.

Typical SEO mistakes and how to avoid them

  • Underestimating disclosure requirements for W&I insurance may lead to denial of payment under the policy.
  • Using Escrow without a clear dispute resolution procedure delays the return of funds and reduces trust between the parties.
  • Ignoring industry specifics leads to incomplete risk coverage.
  • Lack of transparency in the work of the escrow agent and the insurance broker creates additional reputa
  • Legal and financial risks.
  • Incorrect ROI calculation – does not take into account hidden Escrow costs and tax consequences of W&I insurance.

All of the listed mistakes significantly complicate an objective assessment of the effectiveness of protection mechanisms in M&A transactions; below we will consider the main metrics for analyzing performance.

Key metrics for assessing effectiveness

  • Share of covered risks (coverage ratio) compared to the total volume of liabilities.
  • Timeframes for reviewing and settling claims.
  • Final transaction cost including fees, insurance premiums, and tax consequences.
  • ROI from using the chosen protection mechanism.
  • Impact on the investment attractiveness of the target of the transaction and the financial stability of the parties.

Conclusions and recommendations

Illustration for the «Conclusions and recommendations» section in the article «Escrow and W-I insurance in M-A comparison of risks and approaches»

Modern M&A transactions require integrating Escrow and W&I insurance as complementary risk management tools. COREDO’s experience shows: competent legal support, process transparency, automation, and an individual approach to deal structure make it possible to minimize legal and financial risks, accelerate closing and increase the long-term value of the business.

I recommend that entrepreneurs and executives use comprehensive risk analysis, actively engage with legal advisors and insurance brokers, and implement best practices for disclosure and process automation.

Only in this way can you ensure strategic advantages, transparency and control at all stages of an M&A transaction – and make your business truly protected in any jurisdiction.

Offshore jurisdictions and the economic situation have undergone significant changes in recent years: some jurisdictions are losing relevance, while others are introducing new requirements for transparency and reporting. This has created a new economic environment in which businesses must take into account global reforms, changing regulation and increased scrutiny when choosing an offshore structure.

Regulation of offshore jurisdictions: global trends

Recent years have been marked by an unprecedented strengthening of control over offshore companies.

The implementation of BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) initiatives under the auspices of the OECD, the launch of the global minimum tax (Pillar Two), the spread of CRS (Common Reporting Standard) and the tightening of FATF (Financial Action Task Force) standards: all of this is shaping new rules of the game.
Companies are required to comply with international reporting standards and provide data for the automatic exchange of tax information between countries.
COREDO’s practice confirms: today it is not enough to simply register a company in an offshore jurisdiction.

Comprehensive compliance is required: from the implementation of AML procedures to regular compliance monitoring and preparation for Due Diligence by banks and regulators.

For example, for a client planning international trade through an offshore jurisdiction, the COREDO team designed a corporate structure complying with substance requirements and the global minimum tax, which allowed avoiding inclusion in blacklists and preserving access to banking services.

Impact of the economy on offshore jurisdictions

Economic conditions directly affect the attractiveness of offshore zones.

A number of jurisdictions, from the BVI and Gibraltar to the UAE, have revised their tax regimes, tightened corporate transparency requirements and moved to partially open beneficial ownership registers.

Today “white” jurisdictions with transparent corporate structures and beneficiary control are becoming the standard for international business.
The solution developed by COREDO for an EU client included the choice of jurisdiction with low tax rates and an open register, which increased the company’s investment attractiveness and minimized sanction risks.

Thus, new rules and trends in the offshore market highlight the importance of sound tax planning and require consideration of the international aspects of offshore taxation.

International taxation of offshore jurisdictions

Illustration for the section «International taxation of offshore jurisdictions» in the article «Laws on the economic situation and their impact on offshore companies»

International taxation of offshore jurisdictions is constantly changing under the pressure of new global requirements and tightening legislation.

Companies using offshore jurisdictions to optimize taxes face the need to take into account increasing requirements for economic substance and structural transparency.

New requirements for economic substance

In 2025, most offshore jurisdictions tightened requirements for economic presence (substance requirements).

Companies are required to establish a real office, hire employees and keep financial records in the country of registration.

Our experience at COREDO has shown that ignoring these requirements leads to the loss of tax benefits, account blocking and inclusion of the company in the blacklists of the EU and the OECD.

For a holding client conducting international expansion through offshores, the COREDO team implemented a comprehensive adaptation of the corporate structure: real offices were organized, due diligence systems were implemented and reports were prepared according to international standards.

AML and KYC – what are they and how do they differ?

implementation of AML procedures and KYC (Know Your Customer) have become mandatory for all offshore structures.
Failure to comply with compliance due diligence requirements may result in fines, account blocking and loss of access to international payment systems.

COREDO’s practice shows: effective implementation of corporate AML procedures requires integration of automated compliance monitoring systems, employee training and regular audits.

In one case the COREDO team helped a client from Singapore implement an AML platform, which allowed them to pass the FATF review and maintain the financial security of the business.
Thus, modern anti-money laundering requirements are directly related to issues of transparency and the exchange of information on beneficial owners, which the next section is devoted to.

Financial exchange and disclosure of beneficial owners

The CRS system and international data exchange agreements require automatic disclosure of information on corporate beneficial owners.
In 2025, requirements for protecting beneficiary confidentiality were tightened: now most jurisdictions require not only disclosure but also confirmation of beneficiaries’ control via LEI (Legal Entity Identifier) and regular reports.
The COREDO team implemented a beneficial owners confidentiality protection strategy for an EU client, using trust structures and legal mechanisms compliant with international standards.

Offshore jurisdictions: how to choose in 2025

Illustration for the section «Offshore jurisdictions: how to choose in 2025» in the article «Laws on the economic situation and their impact on offshore companies»

Offshore jurisdictions continue to be a key tool for international business, especially amid the changing requirements of 2025. To choose the optimal direction, it is important to understand the differences between jurisdictions and consider their advantages and regulatory specifics. The following sections compare the best offshore zones and analyze their key characteristics.

Best offshore zones: comparison

Jurisdiction Tax rate Requirements for substance Openness of registries Sanctions risks Attractiveness to investors
BVI Low Medium Partially open Medium High
Georgia Low High Open Low Medium
Gibraltar Medium High Open Medium High
UAE Zero/low High Closed Low High

COREDO’s practice confirms: the choice of jurisdiction should take into account not only tax rates, but also substance requirements, registry openness and sanctions restrictions.

For a client focused on international trade, the COREDO team conducted a comparative analysis of zones, identified risks and proposed the optimal solution: registering a holding company in the UAE integrated into global supply chains.

How to choose an offshore jurisdiction

Key criteria:

  • tax incentives for foreign investors
  • Compliance and access to banking services
  • Reputation of the jurisdiction and legalization of offshore companies
  • Ability to open a corporate account and integration into international tax information exchange agreements

The COREDO team provided legal support for the registration of offshore companies for a client from the United Kingdom, ensuring the transparency of the corporate structure and preparation for international tax information exchange.

Offshore business: how to structure and manage

Иллюстрация к разделу «Offshore business: how to structure and manage» у статті «Законы об экономической конъюнктуре и их влияние на оффшорные компании»

Offshore business today is seen as an effective tool for optimizing a company’s structure and managing it at the international level. Proper structuring allows using offshore entities for asset protection, tax optimization and achieving maximum flexibility in business management.

Offshore for international trade and holding companies

Structuring a holding company is an effective tool for tax optimization and asset protection.

The COREDO team developed a corporate structure for a client from the Czech Republic integrated into global supply chains, which minimized tax risks and enabled cross-border business structuring.

COREDO’s experience shows: successful integration of offshore companies requires taking into account substance requirements, international reporting standards and compliance due diligence.

Offshore trusts for asset protection

Trust structures are a key tool for asset protection and the financial security of the business.

In one of COREDO’s cases, it implemented an offshore trust for a client from Estonia, which provided asset protection from creditors and sanctions, as well as compliance with international standards.

Using trusts allows preserving beneficiaries’ confidentiality and increasing the business’s resilience to external risks.

Corporate governance and compliance

In 2025, requirements for corporate governance in offshore jurisdictions in the EU and Asia have tightened significantly.

The COREDO team implements modern compliance procedures for clients, including automated compliance monitoring, corporate reorganization and preparation for audits under international standards.

For a holding client from Slovakia, strategic planning of offshore structures was implemented, which increased corporate transparency and reduced risks.

Challenges and risks for offshore companies in 2025

Иллюстрация к разделу «Challenges and risks for offshore companies 2025» у статті «Законы об экономической конъюнктуре и их влияние на оффшорные компании»

Challenges and risks for offshore companies in 2025 are becoming increasingly relevant against the backdrop of global regulatory changes, tightening transparency rules and increased international pressure. New requirements for business structure, reporting and economic presence seriously affect companies’ strategies and pose complex tasks for them, especially in conditions of sanctions and reforms.

Impact of sanctions on the economy and reforms

Sanctions restrictions and global tax reforms are the main challenges for offshore structures in 2025.

The solution developed by COREDO for a client from Dubai included adapting the corporate structure to the new OECD requirements, which allowed avoiding tax risks and preserving opportunities for international expansion.

COREDO’s practice confirms: timely adaptation to global reforms is the key to maintaining the effectiveness of offshore solutions.

Risks of registering an offshore company

Typical mistakes entrepreneurs make:

  • Ignoring substance requirements
  • Insufficient preparation for compliance due diligence
  • Choosing the wrong jurisdiction
  • Lack of strategic planning

The COREDO team regularly audits clients’ corporate structures, identifies risks of offshore operations in the EU and Asia, and offers risk management solutions.

Practical recommendations for business

Иллюстрация к разделу «Practical recommendations for business» у статті «Законы об экономической конъюнктуре и их влияние на оффшорные компании»

Practical recommendations for business are more relevant than ever: under new requirements, companies face the need to quickly adapt and build sustainable processes. The following points will help prepare the business for changing standards, ensuring growth and minimizing risks.

How to prepare the business for new requirements

Step-by-step checklist from COREDO:

  • Assessment of the economic feasibility of offshore solutions
  • Choosing a jurisdiction taking into account tax incentives, compliance and sanctions risks
  • Implementation of substance requirements: setting up an office, hiring staff, maintaining reporting
  • Implementation of AML/KYC procedures and compliance monitoring
  • Preparation for international tax information exchange
  • Strategic planning of offshore structures and asset protection through trust mechanisms
  • Interaction with banks and regulators: preparation of corporate documentaincluding opening bank accounts and undergoing due diligence

The COREDO team supports clients at all stages, ensuring the legal and financial security of the business.

Key takeaways for businesses

  • In 2025 the economic situation and offshore laws require a review of corporate strategies.
  • The effectiveness of offshore solutions depends on compliance with substance requirements, the transparency of the corporate structure, and the implementation of modern compliance procedures.
  • The new challenges for offshore companies are not only risks but also opportunities for scaling the business, protecting assets, and optimizing taxes.
  • COREDO’s practice shows: strategic planning, legal support, and adaptation to international standards are the key to long-term success amid global reforms.

If you want to prepare your business for new requirements, integrate an offshore company into international chains, and ensure financial security, the COREDO team is ready to offer solutions proven by experience and confirmed by international practice.

In 2025 the corporate world faced a phenomenon that just five years earlier seemed like science fiction: virtual colleagues and intelligent AI agents are already able to perform a month’s worth of work in hours, and their cognitive AI systems are becoming an integral part of the strategic infrastructure of international companies. According to McKinsey, more than 40% of European and Asian enterprises have already implemented cognitive artificial intelligence (CAI) in key business processes, and in some industries the share of automated solutions exceeds 60%[rich_content:1].

At the same time, new challenges come with the opportunities: how to ensure digital trust in AI agents, minimize the risks of centralization and moral failures, and comply with ethical and legal norms across different jurisdictions? How to scale corporate AI solutions without losing control over user identity and the quality of decision-making? These questions are becoming central for executives, entrepreneurs, and chief financial officers operating in the EU, Asian, and CIS markets.

I see the demand for reliable, transparent, and strategically calibrated AI solutions rapidly growing. In COREDO we encounter this daily: from registering legal entities in the Czech Republic and Singapore to obtaining financial licenses and supporting the implementation of cognitive AI agents into corporate processes. This article is not just a review of trends, but a practical guide for those who want not only to keep pace with AI development, but also to use it as a strategic advantage.

If you are looking for answers on best practices for implementing cognitive AI systems, assessing risks and ROI, ethics and decentralization, read on. Here you will find not only an analysis of global trends but also concrete cases, proven solutions, and strategic ideas that already work in international business.

Cognitive AI systems: what they are and how they work

Illustration for the section «Cognitive AI systems: what they are and how they work» in the article «Development of cognitive AI systems and their impact on users»

Cognitive AI systems are a new generation of technologies that not only analyze data but can also learn, perceive the world, and make decisions by mimicking human thinking. Let’s examine what cognitive systems are and how they work, and trace the evolution of artificial intelligence from the first algorithms to modern LLMs and complex cognitive architectures.

Having studied the basics of cognitive systems and their principles, let’s move on to how artificial intelligence has developed, from classical algorithms to modern LLMs and multi-level cognitive architectures.

The evolution of artificial intelligence: LLMs and cognitive systems

The first waves of AI adoption were associated with generative AI and LLMs — language models capable of processing vast amounts of data and generating texts, code, images. On the other hand, COREDO’s practice confirms: this is not enough to solve complex corporate tasks. Modern business requires not just automation but deep cognitive integration — systems capable of causal reasoning, long-term memory, and moral reflection.

Cognitive AI systems (CAI) are built on principles close to human thinking: they model the world (world models), form an individual user identity, and take into account context and the consequences of decisions. Key technologies here include V-JEPA (intuitive reasoning), cognitive architectures, thought simulation, and self-supervised learning. It is these components that allow intelligent agents not just to execute instructions but to adapt to the dynamics of the corporate environment.

Causal reasoning in AI

Unlike LLMs, cognitive AI systems build causal chains and use long-term memory (long-term memory) to form stable behavior patterns. For example, one of COREDO’s projects to implement corporate AI agents in an EU financial group showed that the use of long-term memory made it possible not only to increase forecasting accuracy but also to provide personalization of services for different divisions.

Long-term memory in AI is not just a database but a dynamic structure that stores experience, decision scenarios, and responses to errors.

It allows AI agents to take into account the history of interactions, adjust behavior depending on changes in corporate policy, and even form a unique user identity. Such an approach is critically important for international companies where identity and personalization in AI become the foundation for building digital trust.

Modeling and simulation of thinking

Modern cognitive AI systems use methods for modeling reasoning, metacognition, and simulation of thinking, going beyond classical LLMs. For example, V-JEPA and scenario planning allow intelligent agents not just to generate answers but to analyze the likely consequences of decisions, build scenario analyses, and predict the behavior of key actors under conditions of uncertainty.

In one of COREDO’s case studies for an Asian technology company, an architecture was implemented combining Bayesian inference, world modeling, and self-supervised learning. This not only improved the accuracy of predictive analytics but also reduced cognitive load on users – employees gained access to intuitive interfaces, and corporate decisions became more transparent and predictable.

The impact of AI on business and users

Illustration for the section «The impact of AI on business and users» in the article «Development of cognitive AI systems and their impact on users»

The impact of AI on business and users is becoming one of the key factors in the development of modern companies and the formation of new user practices. Intelligent systems help businesses increase efficiency, implement innovations, and create new interaction scenarios with people. Next, we will look at how exactly AI is changing the role of employees and opening new opportunities for businesses and their customers.

Virtual colleagues, AI solutions for business

The emergence of virtual colleagues and scalable AI agents is fundamentally changing the structure of corporate processes in Europe and Asia. Intelligent agents take on routine, analytical, and even creative tasks, allowing employees to focus on strategic initiatives. The solution developed at COREDO for a large European distribution company made it possible to scale AI solutions to 12 branches without loss of kquality and control – thanks to the implementation of cognitive architectures and digital trust systems.

The key challenge is to ensure not only efficiency but also transparency: users must understand how and why AI makes decisions, how trust in AI systems is calibrated, and how moral and legal norms are taken into account. Here, not only the technology matters, but also the competent integration of AI agents into corporate culture.

AI agents and digital twins for business

One of the most promising areas is the implementation of digital twins (CDT) and corporate AI agents for strategy analysis, predictive analytics and decision support. In COREDO’s practice there are cases where cognitive digital twins are used to model the behavior of key figures, assess risks, and build scenario planning under conditions of high uncertainty.

For example, for a holding company from the United Kingdom, a system was implemented where CDTs analyzed corporate strategies in real time using probabilistic forecasting and MCAI algorithms. This allowed not only to increase the speed of decision-making but also to minimize reputational risks through continuous monitoring of AI compliance with corporate values.

Thus, the integration of CDTs and AI agents into corporate processes forms a new paradigm of business management, directly affecting the quality of interaction with end users and transforming their experience.

The impact of AI on user experience

Long-term memory and personalization are becoming key factors in building trust in AI systems. The implementation of cognitive AI agents with an individual user identity makes it possible to build long-term relationships between employees, clients and virtual colleagues. The COREDO team implemented a project for a Singaporean fintech company where trust calibration in AI was carried out through continuous feedback and control of the moral integrity of decisions.

This approach not only increases user loyalty but also ensures process transparency, reduces cognitive load, and contributes to the formation of digital trust at all levels of the corporate structure.

Thus, the integration of cognitive AI technologies is already opening up new opportunities for business, as evidenced by practical implementation examples.

Cognitive AI in business: implementation examples

Illustration for the section «Cognitive AI in business: implementation examples» in the article «Development of cognitive AI systems and their impact on users»

Cognitive AI in business is already actively transforming corporate processes, from automation to strategic decisions and customer interactions. Real implementation examples show not only business efficiency but also new challenges, including antitrust investigations and unique corporate cases.

Corporate cases and antitrust investigations

COREDO’s portfolio includes significant experience in implementing cognitive AI agents and digital twins in different jurisdictions. For example, as part of an antitrust investigation in the EU, intelligent agents were used to model the behavior of key figures and analyze institutional incentives in decision-making. This made it possible to identify hidden patterns of interaction and propose new market development scenarios to the regulator.

Another case is the integration of CDTs and MCAI to evaluate corporate strategies in an Asian holding: digital twins analyzed probabilistic scenarios, helping top management make decisions under high volatility. This approach proved effective in managing complex corporate structures and minimizing moral and reputational risks.

Assessing effectiveness and ROI of AI systems

Assessing the return on investment (ROI) in cognitive artificial intelligence requires a comprehensive approach. At COREDO we use not only classic performance metrics (time savings, cost reduction, productivity growth) but also new indicators: the level of digital trust, metrics of the moral integrity of decisions, and compliance with corporate values.

In one project for a company from Estonia, the implementation of cognitive AI agents made it possible to reduce the decision-making cycle by 40%, increase the transparency of communications between departments, and reduce the number of errors related to the human factor. The ROI analysis included predictive analytics, assessment of long-term consequences, and scenario planning, which ensured sustainable business growth.

AI risks and challenges: militarization and ethics

Illustration for the section «AI risks and challenges: militarization and ethics» in the article «Development of cognitive AI systems and their impact on users»

AI risks and challenges related to militarization and ethics are becoming some of the most discussed topics for international security and legal regulation today. Active implementation of artificial intelligence in the military sphere is accompanied by new threats: from the loss of human control over autonomous systems to complex ethical dilemmas related to machines making decisions in critical situations. Below are real examples of AI militarization and agent failures that illustrate the urgency of these issues.

Examples of militarization and failures of AI agents

With the development of cognitive AI systems, new threats are emerging – from the militarization of artificial intelligence to the appearance of so-called cognitive bombs and errors in institutional incentives. International practice has already recorded cases where incorrect operation of AI agents led to large-scale failures in defense systems and corporate networks.

COREDO participated in consulting on preventing abuses of militarized AI systems for a client from the EU: institutional control protocols, scenario analysis and alignment architectures (ALI, CMF) were implemented, which made it possible to minimize risks and increase the resilience of the corporate infrastructure.

Ethical aspects of trust calibration

The ethics of artificial intelligence is becoming a key direction in the development of cognitive systems. Modern alignment architectures (ALI, CMF), as well as startups like LawZero and MindCast AI, offer new solutions for trust calibration, control of the moral integrity of judgments, and ensuring AI compliance with international and local legal norms.

In COREDO’s practice such solutions are integrated through multi-level control systems, continuous algorithm audits, and employee training to work with AI agents. This not only minimizes moral and reputational risks, but also helps to form a sustainable corporate culture of digitalabout trust.

The future of decentralized AI

Illustration for the section «The future of decentralized AI» in the article «Development of AI cognitive systems and their impact on users»

The future of decentralized AI is linked to a shift from centralized models and infrastructure to open, distributed ecosystems where participants manage computing, data, and innovation development themselves. This approach not only extends the capabilities of artificial intelligence beyond corporate barriers, but also opens new modes of interaction that blockchain technologies and decentralized computing resources are already leading toward.

Blockchain for AI development

One of the main trends in recent years has been the decentralization of AI and the growth of decentralized AI alliances based on blockchain platforms and Web3. Examples like SingularityNET, Artificial Superintelligence Alliance, OpenCog Hyperon, Baby AGI, Thousand Brains Project, and Numenta show that decentralization not only enhances companies’ competitiveness but also minimizes the risks of centralization, militarization, and abuse.

The COREDO team analyzes and implements blockchain-based solutions for AI agents, ensuring transparency, trust, and scalability of corporate AI solutions. In one case for a company from Dubai, a decentralized AI alliance accelerated the integration of new services and reduced infrastructure costs.

Decentralization opens new possibilities for corporate strategies: companies can create their own ecosystems of virtual colleagues, manage user identity, integrate digital twins and intelligent agents into global business processes without the risk of monopolization or loss of control.

AI recommendations for business

The development of artificial intelligence and AI cognitive systems is not only a technological challenge but also a unique opportunity for international business. Implementing intelligent agents, digital twins, decentralized AI alliances, and ethically oriented cognitive architectures enables companies in the EU, Asia, and the CIS not only to adapt to new realities but to outpace competitors, building sustainable digital trust and strategic advantages.

COREDO’s practice shows: the success of AI implementation depends on a comprehensive approach, consideration of moral and legal norms, process transparency, sound ROI assessment, and continuous calibration of trust between employees, customers, and AI systems.

Today, corporate AI implementation is not only about technology, but also about culture, ethics, and strategy.

If you want to harness the potential of AI cognitive systems for business growth and sustainable development, it’s important to act consciously, relying on the best international practices and the experience of trusted partners. The COREDO team is ready to be your guide in this complex but exciting world of intelligent agents, digital twins, and decentralized AI solutions.

In 2023, the combined public debt of developed countries exceeded 120% of global GDP, and the cost of servicing the debt rose to a historic high. Over the past three years, more than 40% of international companies have faced restricted access to credit and a sharp increase in inflation risks. At the same time, the volume of institutional investments in crypto assets and gold more than doubled, and for the first time bitcoin was recognized as a reserve asset at the state level in several Latin American and Asian countries. These facts are not just statistics, but a reflection of deeper processes: the traditional financial system is going through a crisis, and the usual business support tools are losing their effectiveness.

Executives and business owners in Europe, Asia, and the CIS are facing a fundamental question: how to ensure the financial sustainability of a business in conditions of macroeconomic instability, when the global financial crisis and sovereign debt restructuring are becoming the new normal? Which tools—from gold monetization to asset tokenization and digital currencies—can not only protect capital but also open up new opportunities for growth?
Today I want to offer not just a trend overview, but a practical guide: how to use the financial reset for strategic development, risk minimization, and increased transparency of business processes.
If you are looking for answers to questions about the future of reserve currencies, the institutionalization of bitcoin, the de-dollarization of the economy, and new liquidity support tools, this article is for you. Read to the end to gain not only deep understanding but also concrete solutions proven in practice by COREDO.

Financial trends for international business

Illustration for the section «Financial trends for international business» in the article «Financial reset: what it is and where it leads»

The financial reset is not just another stage of the cycle, but a systemic transformation caused by the exhaustion of traditional stabilization tools. The crisis of the financial system is manifested in the growth of systemic risks, currency instability, increased pressure on fiscal policy, and the need for sovereign debt restructuring. For companies, this means: the usual scenarios of liquidity and reserve management no longer work, and the resilience of financial institutions becomes a key factor for survival.

In recent years, COREDO’s practice has shown that de-dollarization of the economy, digitalization of financial flows, and the emergence of alternative liquidity support tools (for example, asset tokenization and the introduction of central bank digital currencies, CBDC) are not just fashionable trends, but vital strategies for international business. These issues are especially acute for companies operating at the intersection of the EU, Asia, and the CIS, where macroeconomic instability and currency wars increase pressure on corporate budgets.

Financial reset of business in Europe and Asia

Within COREDO’s consulting projects, we regularly analyze three main scenarios of financial reset for businesses:

  • Deep sovereign debt restructuring: states are forced to revise debt servicing terms, which affects the cost of borrowed capital and the availability of credit for companies. For example, in 2022 a number of EU and Southeast Asian countries already implemented such scenarios, leading to changes in the financing conditions of large corporate projects.
  • De-dollarization of the economy and currency diversification: companies face the need to revise the currency structure of reserves and implement new hedging instruments. Solutions developed at COREDO include the creation of multi-currency reserve portfolios and the use of hedging strategies based on derivatives and crypto assets.
  • Geopolitical consequences of reserve revaluation: the revaluation of gold and currency reserves at the state level leads to changes in the investment climate, tighter control over capital flows, and the emergence of new requirements for corporate transparency.

These scenarios require businesses to be flexible, transparent, and ready to transform their financial strategies.

Gold monetization and asset tokenization

Illustration for the section «Gold monetization and asset tokenization» in the article «Financial reset: what it is and where it leads»

The financial reset is impossible without rethinking the tools for reserve and liquidity management. Today, three key areas dominate the market:

  • Gold monetization: returning to classical mechanisms of supporting the monetary base through gold and its derivatives.
  • Asset tokenization — converting tangible and intangible values into digital form using blockchain technologies.
  • Introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDC): creating new forms of settlement and reserve instruments that increase transparency and speed of cross-border operations.

COREDO’s practice confirms: the integration of these tools allows companies not only to increase resilience to crises but also to optimize reserve structures, reduce debt servicing costs, and improve the efficiency of budgetary measures.

In the context of the new financial paradigm, the issues of assessing and managing central banks’ gold reserves come to the forefront, which requires a separate analysis of the next key process — the revaluation of the Federal Reserve’s gold reserves.

Revaluation of the Federal Reserve’s gold reserves

The mechanics of gold monetization are based on the revaluation of gold reserves and the issuance of instruments backed by them — gold certificates, which can be used for money issuance under collateral. Historically, the most striking examples are the actions of the U.S. Federal Reserve System in the 1930s and 1970s, when the revaluation of gold reserves made it possible to increase the monetary base without direct issuance of unsecured funds.

In recent years, a number of countries (Germany, Lebanon, South Africa) have implemented their own gold monetization scenarios, which allowed them to temporarily stabilize budgets and reduce debt burdens. Still, COREDO’s experience shows: the effectiveness of these measures depends on the structure of the economy, the transparency of procedures, and trust in fiat currencies. In some cases, gold monetization led to inflationary risks and the need to tighten fiscal policy.

Asset tokenization for business

Asset tokenization and the introduction of CBDC open fundamentally new opportunities for businesses to manage liquidity and reserves. Examples from COREDO’s practice include the creation of corporate reserves based on tokenized gold and the introduction of strategic reserves in cryptocurrencies to hedge currency and inflation risks.

The introduction of central bank digital currencies allows companies to accelerate cross-border settlements, increase the transparency of financial flows, and reduce transaction costs. At the same time, capitalization of reserves through tokenized assets becomes an effective tool for managing debt via assets and increasing resilience to macroeconomic shocks.

Gold monetization and inflation

Illustration for the section «Gold monetization and inflation» in the article «Financial reset: what it is and where it leads»

Gold monetization has a complex and contradictory impact on financial stability. On the one hand, it allows states to quickly expand the monetary base and temporarily solve debt servicing problems. On the other, it creates inflationary risks, undermines trust in the dollar as a reserve currency, and intensifies macroeconomic instability.

An analysis of cases implemented with the participation of the COREDO team shows: the impact of gold monetization on inflation depends on the scale of issuance, the structure of sovereign reserves, and central bank policy.

In a number of countries, the revaluation of gold reserves was accompanied by rising inflation and declining confidence in the national currency, which forced companies to look for alternative tools to support liquidity and diversify currencies.

Sovereign debt restructuring: impact on business

Sovereign debt restructuring and de-dollarization of the economy are becoming key factors in transforming corporate strategies. Managing debt through assets, introducing multi-currency reserves, and using currency diversification tools allow companies to reduce debt burdens and increase resilience to external shocks.

COREDO’s experience in supporting international projects confirms: successful adaptation to new conditions requires not only revising the structure of reserves but also introducing new models for assessing ROI from implementing financial strategies focused on long-term efficiency and minimizing systemic risks.

Bitcoin as a reserve asset: advantages and risks

Illustration for the section «Bitcoin as a reserve asset: advantages and risks» in the article «Financial reset: what it is and where it leads»

In recent years, bitcoin and other crypto assets have increasingly been considered as alternative reserve assets, both at the state and corporate level. Institutional investments in crypto assets are growing, and a number of countries are already forming strategic crypto reserves to hedge currency and inflation risks.

Solutions implemented by the COREDO team include the creation of corporate reserves based on bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which allows companies to increase financial resilience and reduce dependence on traditional reserve currencies. Nevertheless, the institutionalization of cryptocurrencies also carries new risks: increased regulation, the emergence of large players, rising volatility, and threats to trust in fiat currencies.

Thus, despite the significant potential for strengthening business resilience, the use of cryptocurrencies requires careful analysis of regulatory risks and corresponding management strategies, which becomes especially important in the context of tightening regulation.

Regulatory risks for business and strategies

Changes in the role of regulators and tighter control over capital flows require companies to adopt new approaches to reserve and liquidity management. Best practices developed at COREDO include:

  • Implementing hedging strategies using both traditional and digital assets.
  • Using alternative liquidity support tools: from tokenized assets to export stabilization funds.
  • Building flexible reserve management models that take into account scenarios of macroeconomic instability and currency wars.

To mitigate the risks of cryptocurrency institutionalization, it is important to build transparent structures, regularly audit reserves, and use tools to control capital flows.

Risk management during a financial crisis

Illustration for the section «Risk management during a financial crisis» in the article «Financial reset: what it is and where it leads»

The financial reset requires businesses to have strategic flexibility and readiness to implement new tools. Based on COREDO’s experience, I propose the following recommendations:

  • Diversify the structure of reserves: combine traditional assets (gold, currencies) with tokenized and crypto assets.
  • Introduce alternative liquidity support tools: use DeFi solutions, export stabilization funds, corporate bonds, tokenized assets.
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of budgetary measures and ROI of new strategies: implement metrics for analyzing returns on investment, taking into account macroeconomic risks and inflation scenarios.
  • Build partnerships with expert teams: comprehensive support implemented by the COREDO team helps minimize legal and financial risks, ensure transparency, and comply with international AML/KYC standards.

Thus, comprehensive financial strategy building creates the foundation for effective management of both physical and digital company assets — in the next section we will look at practices of gold monetization for international business.

In 2024 more than 180 global corporations announced the relocation of their regional headquarters to Riyadh, and the total volume of foreign direct investment in KSA grew by 20% year-on-year: this is not just a statistic, but a signal of fundamental changes on the global business map.

Why do international companies overwhelmingly choose a local headquarters in Saudi Arabia? What challenges and opportunities does opening a business in Saudi Arabia present in the era of Vision 2030?

If you are an executive, entrepreneur or CFO facing registration, licensing and compliance barriers, this article will provide not only a systematic understanding of the new rules of the game but also practical tools for strategic success.

I invite you to read the material to the end: here you will find answers to the questions that today determine the future of business in the region: from regulatory requirements and tax incentives to subsidiary management and ROI assessment.

Regional headquarters in KSA, what is it?

Illustration for the section «Regional headquarters in KSA, what is it?» in the article «Local headquarters in Saudi Arabia — key provisions»

Regional headquarters in KSA: this is a key element of Saudi Arabia’s new strategic initiative aimed at attracting international companies and developing business activity in the region. This program opens access to a fast-growing market and provides significant incentives for businesses, making the Kingdom an attractive platform for hosting regional offices.

This initiative creates new opportunities for international investors and contributes to the country’s economic transformation. Let’s move on to an overview of the program itself and its key parameters.

Regional headquarters of Saudi Arabia: the program

A regional headquarters in KSA is a legal entity accredited to coordinate the activities of a group of companies within the MENA region, with a mandatory physical location and functional departments in Saudi Arabia. The program, initiated under Vision 2030, is aimed at economic diversification and the creation of a sustainable business hub in the region. To obtain HQ status, a company must meet a number of criteria:

  • Presence of at least two branches in the MENA region managed from KSA.
  • Implementation of key corporate functions: strategic planning, HR, finance, marketing, compliance.
  • Long-term commitments to job localization and infrastructure development.

The COREDO team has repeatedly supported clients at all stages of HQ accreditation, from the initial structural audit to coordination with SAGIA and the General Authority for Real Estate in KSA.

Opening a headquarters in Saudi Arabia: advantages

The decision to establish a regional headquarters in KSA opens access to unique advantages:

  • Priority participation in government tenders and projects.
  • Investment incentives: tax benefits, infrastructure subsidies, accelerated Licensing.
  • The ability to optimize supply chains and logistics for GCC, Asian and African markets.
  • Improved transparency and governance of the corporate structure.
  • HQ long-term commitments allow the formation of a sustainable market-entry strategy and minimize risks associated with changes in the regulatory environment.

COREDO’s experience confirms: companies that have integrated a headquarters in Saudi Arabia demonstrate higher resilience to market shocks and scale their business in the region faster.

Business registration in Saudi Arabia

Illustration for the section «Business registration in Saudi Arabia» in the article «Local headquarters in Saudi Arabia — key provisions»

Business registration in Saudi Arabia is the first step to growing a company in one of the region’s most promising markets. The modern registration system has become more convenient, simplifying the start of operations and expanding opportunities for foreign and local entrepreneurs. Below we will consider the key stages of forming a local headquarters and obtain all the necessary information for starting a business in the Kingdom.

Opening a business in Saudi Arabia requires precise compliance with regulatory requirements and careful corporate structure design.

How to open a local headquarters

Opening a business in Saudi Arabia requires precise compliance with regulatory requirements and careful corporate structure design. I recommend using the following algorithm:

  1. Choosing the legal form (LLC, branch, representative office).
  2. Preparing the document package:
    • Articles of association
    • Board resolution
    • Beneficial owner information
    • HQ business plan
    • Documents for branches to confirm regional coverage
  3. Reserving the company name through SAGIA and submitting an application for commercial registration (CR).
  4. Coordinating with local partners and service agents (mandatory for certain sectors).
  5. Obtaining licenses: main business license, special permits (finance, payments, crypto, forex).
  6. Opening a corporate account with a local or international bank.
  7. Implementing compliance and AML procedures: adopting KYC policies, internal controls, preparing reports for ZATCA.

In a recent case, the COREDO team completed HQ registration for a fintech group, integrating business immigration, licensing and compliance processes into a single roadmap, which allowed the client to start operations within 45 days.

Which to choose: mainland territory or Free Economic Zone?

The choice of HQ jurisdiction: a key issue for strategic management and tax optimization. Let’s compare the main parameters:

Criterion Mainland KSA KSA Free Economic Zone
Licensing Standard Simplified/specialized
tax incentives Restricted Expanded
Localization requirements More stringent More flexible
Possibility of 100% foreign ownership Partially restricted Permitted
Infrastructure incentives Less More
Regulatory barriers Higher Lower

The solution developed at COREDO is often built on an analysis of the client’s long-term goals: if maximum flexibility and tax incentives are required — a free zone; if the priority is access to government procurement and localization — the mainland territory.

Tax incentives for regional headquarters

Illustration for the section «Tax incentives for regional headquarters» in the article «Local headquarters in Saudi Arabia: key provisions»

Tax incentives for regional headquarters provide companies with additional opportunities to optimize costs and expand business across various regions of the Russian Federation. Thanks to special incentives, regional HQs can claim a significant reduction in tax burden, but such measures are accompanied by a number of conditions and restrictions that are important to consider for proper planning.

Tax incentives for HQ: conditions and limitations

Tax incentives for foreign companies in KSA: one of the main drivers of business migration to the region. HQs accredited under the program may be eligible for:

  • Exemption from corporate income tax for the HQ for up to 30 years.
  • Reduced dividend tax rate.
  • VAT exemption on a number of services and transactions.
  • Access to government subsidies and infrastructure grants.

Important to note: tax incentives are granted only to HQs that fulfill obligations on localization, job creation and the development of a branch network.

The COREDO team regularly audits clients’ corporate structures to comply with ZATCA requirements and to prevent loss of incentives.

Corporate taxation and reporting

Corporate taxation in KSA is built on principles of transparency and strict reporting:

  • Annual submission of tax reports to ZATCA.
  • Implementation of electronic accounting systems (digitization of business processes).
  • Mandatory audit of HQs and branches.
  • Separate rules for cross-border taxation for operations with the EU and Asia.

COREDO’s experience has shown: integration of digital solutions allows HQs not only to meet regulators’ requirements but also to optimize internal processes, minimizing the risk of fines and loss of tax incentives.

Compliance and AML support in KSA

Illustration for the section «Compliance and AML support in KSA» in the article «Local headquarters in Saudi Arabia: key provisions»

Compliance and AML support in KSA includes a wide range of processes and measures aimed at complying with international standards and requirements in the fight against money laundering and terrorism financing. Effective implementation of compliance and AML systems enables identification of risks, ensures transaction transparency and minimizes threats to the business.

Functions and requirements for compliance and AML

Compliance and AML are not just legal formalities but the foundation of HQ resilience in Saudi Arabia. Mandatory functions include:

  • Implementation of KYC procedures and internal controls.
  • Appointment of a person responsible for AML and corporate governance.
  • Preparation and regular updating of anti-money laundering policies.
  • Maintaining corporate reporting according to ZATCA standards and international requirements.

In one of COREDO’s projects for a payment group HQ, automated AML procedures were implemented, which made it possible to pass certification and obtain a license in less than a month.

Interaction with ZATCA and SAGIA

Interaction with ZATCA and SAGIA requires a systematic approach to risk management:

  • Timely submission of reports and notifications.
  • Preliminary audit of the corporate structure before HQ registration.
  • Assessment of legal risks when relocating the headquarters and changing the corporate structure.

COREDO accompanies clients at all stages of interaction with regulators, minimizing the likelihood of barriers and ensuring compliance with new requirements.

Managing subsidiaries through the headquarters

Illustration for the section «Managing subsidiaries through the headquarters» in the article «Local headquarters in Saudi Arabia: key provisions»

Managing subsidiaries through the headquarters provides a center for strategic decision-making and coordination of the group’s activities. This approach allows consolidation of resources and standards, enhancing manageability and scalability of the business. Next, we will look at how corporate governance and company expansion are implemented in this model.

This mechanism lays the foundation for effective integration of corporate standards and further consideration of key aspects of management and business growth.

Corporate governance and business scaling

Effective management of subsidiaries and branches through an HQ in KSA requires:

  • Centralization of strategic functions (finance, HR, marketing).
  • Implementation of digital platforms for business process control.
  • Development of a unified corporate governance policy in line with Vision 2030 requirements.

COREDO’s experience shows: HQs that integrate digitization and process standardization achieve higher speed of scaling and resilience of the corporate structure.

HR strategies and job localization

Vision 2030 requires HQs to implement policies on job localization and corporate social responsibility (CSR):

  • Development of HR strategies focused on attracting and developing local specialists.
  • Implementation of training and upskilling programs.
  • Formation of corporate culture that meets KSA requirements.

In one of COREDO’s cases for an international group, a personnel policy was implemented that combines localization and global standards, which made it possible to obtain additional infrastructure incentives.

New real estate laws and incentives for HQ

New real estate laws and incentives for HQ are directly changing the rules of the game: new mortgage requirements and the digitalization of transaction processing are already affecting owners and investors. These initiatives create additional incentives for the development of HQ offices and infrastructure while raising the entry threshold to the real estate market.

Impact of the new regulation on the real estate market

The General Authority for Real Estate of the KSA is introducing new rules affecting HQ opportunities:

  • Simplification of procedures for renting and acquiring commercial real estate for foreign companies.
  • Introduction of long-term contracts and guarantees for HQ.
  • Restrictions on the use of certain types of real estate for branches and subsidiaries.

COREDO’s practice confirms: competent legal support allows HQ to avoid risks associated with changes in legislation and to gain access to the best infrastructure assets.

Infrastructure incentives for international business

Infrastructure incentives are a key element of HQ’s investment attractiveness:

  • Access to modern office centers, logistics parks, and IT infrastructure.
  • Government support: subsidies, grants, and special utility tariffs.
  • Economic diversification programs aimed at developing new industries.

COREDO regularly analyzes infrastructure opportunities for clients, helping to choose the optimal HQ location and obtain maximum incentives.

Opening an office in Saudi Arabia

Opening an office in Saudi Arabia requires strict compliance with local regulations and a transparent document processing procedure, starting with choosing the organizational structure and ending with obtaining a license and certifying financial statements. A detailed checklist will help you complete each key stage of launching an HQ without mistakes and delays.

Proper preparation of documents and knowledge of local realities will help avoid unnecessary risks — below we outline a step-by-step action plan.

Checklist for launching an HQ

  1. Conduct an audit of the corporate structure and choose the optimal legal form.
  2. Prepare the document package: articles of association, business plan, information on branches, details of beneficiaries.
  3. Reserve the name and submit an application for commercial registration (CR) through SAGIA.
  4. Arrange cooperation with local partners and service agents.
  5. Obtain the necessary licenses and permits.
  6. Open a corporate bank account.
  7. Implement compliance and AML procedures.
  8. Set up corporate reporting and audit according to ZATCA standards.
  9. Develop an HR strategy and a localization program for jobs.

Assessment of ROI and investment risks

The assessment of HQ ROI in the KSA is based on analysis of:

  • Capital expenditures for opening and infrastructure.
  • Expected tax benefits and incentives.
  • Potential for scaling the business through the HQ.
  • Long-term obligations for localization and development of the branch network.
  • Legal and investment risks related to changes in legislation and regulatory requirements.

COREDO uses a comprehensive ROI assessment model that takes into account not only financial indicators but also the strategic benefits of the HQ for global expansion.

Conclusions and recommendations for business

A local headquarters in Saudi Arabia is not just a legal registration but a strategic instrument for international business. Corporate support in the KSA requires a systematic approach to risk management, compliance, tax optimization, and the development of HR strategies.

  • Evaluate the HQ as a long-term project taking into account Vision 2030 and localization requirements.
  • Use infrastructure and tax incentives to maximize ROI.
  • Integrate digitalization of business processes and corporate governance standards.
  • Engage professional consultants to support all stages of registration, licensing, and interaction with regulators.

The expertise and experience of the COREDO team make it possible to implement HQ projects in Saudi Arabia with minimal risks and maximum efficiency, ensuring process transparency and the resilience of the corporate structure.

«85% of strategic failures in international companies are not due to calculation errors, but due to errors in people’s behavior» – this conclusion by McKinsey is also confirmed by the practice of COREDO.
Why, despite access to the best data and analytics, do leaders in Europe, Asia and the CIS continue to face unexpected breakdowns in management, negotiations and investments?
The reason: not a lack of information, but how people perceive and use it.

In an era of digitalization, tightening regulatory requirements and constant market changes, classical approaches to managing and forecasting the behavior of employees, partners and clients are losing their effectiveness. Cognitive biases, bounded rationality, social pressure and psychological influence are becoming not just theoretical concepts but daily challenges for business. Every entrepreneur faces the task: how to manage people’s behavior to minimize risks, increase the ROI of behavioral changes and ensure the company’s resilience in international markets.

In this article I will share COREDO’s experience in applying influence methods, manipulation techniques and behavioral insights that really work in the EU, Asia and the CIS. You will learn how the science of manipulation helps solve specific business problems, identify and eliminate erroneous judgments, implement effective behavior management strategies and build long-term competitive advantages. If you want to understand how to use behavioral economics for growth and risk minimization: read the article to the end.

Behavioral economics in business

Illustration for the section «Behavioral economics in business» in the article «The science of manipulation methods and techniques of influence»

Behavioral economics: a discipline that combines economics, psychology and sociology for in-depth analysis and management of the behavior of people and organizations.

Unlike the classical theory of rational choice, where a person is presented as “homo economicus”, capable of error-free calculations, modern research shows: most decisions are made under the influence of emotions, cognitive biases and social norms.

COREDO’s practice confirms: ignoring behavioral factors leads to mistakes in strategy, investments and business management. For example, when entering new markets in the EU or Asia, standard financial models often do not account for the framing effect, herd behavior or the tendency toward the status quo, which leads to underestimation of risks and loss of competitive advantages.

Bounded rationality and cognitive biases

Herbert Simon first introduced the concept of bounded rationality, proving that even experienced managers and investors make decisions under conditions of limited time, information and cognitive resources. This discovery became the starting point for the development of the science of manipulation and behavior management in business.

Cognitive biases: systematic errors in thinking that affect the perception of information and decision making. Among the most significant for business: the anchoring effect (over-anchoring), the tendency toward the status quo, overconfidence, the availability effect and erroneous judgments. For example, in one of COREDO’s projects for licensing a financial company in Estonia, key top-management decisions were subject to the representativeness effect: managers overestimated the probability of success by relying on recent successes of competitors and underestimated the risks of regulatory changes.

To identify and minimize such errors, the COREDO team uses recipient psychodiagnostics methods, analyzes decision-making patterns and develops tools to manage cognitive resources.

What are prospect theory and the framing effect?

The works of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, awarded the Nobel Prize, radically changed ideas about the psychology of decision making. Prospect theory explains why people tend to overvalue losses and undervalue gains, and the framing effect shows how the wording of information affects choice.

In COREDO’s corporate practice the framing effect is especially noticeable in negotiations and pricing.

For example, when structuring a deal in the UK, changing the wording of payment terms (from “discount for prepayment” to “surcharge for delay”) increased the share of prepayments by 17%. Manipulating information through a competent narrative makes it possible not only to influence decisions but also to shape corporate culture.

These principles are closely linked to nudging and social pressure approaches, which are also widely used in corporate strategies.

Nudging and social pressure – methods of influence

Richard Thaler and his concept of nudging proved that small changes in the environment (choice architecture) can radically change the behavior of employees and customers. Implementing nudges is not manipulation in a negative sense, but creating conditions in which rational choice becomes easier and more natural.

A COREDO project implemented to automate choice in corporate banking in the Czech Republic showed that introducing digital choice design and nudging notifications increased the speed of decision-making on new products by 23%. Social norms and pressure also play a key role: when employees see that most colleagues have already adopted a new practice, resistance to change decreases.

Manipulation techniques in business

Illustration for the section «Manipulation techniques in business» in the article «The science of manipulation methods and techniques of influence»

Modern influence methods and manipulation techniques are not only marketing tools but also key elements of strategic management, corporate communications and negotiation processes. Their effectiveness is explained by a combination of heuristics, emotional triggers and collective persuasion.

In COREDO’s international practice, manipulative technologies are used to increase the effectiveness of business strategies, optimize company registration processes, obtain financial licenses and implement AML standards. It is important to understand: competent behavior management is not only about influencing clients, but also about forming a sustainable corporate culture.

Heuristics and decision errors in business

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that allow quick decisions but often lead to erroneous judgments. Classic examples: the availability heuristic (overweighting recent information), the anchoring effect (anchoring), the representativeness heuristicties.

In one of COREDO’s cases supporting a fintech startup’s entry into the Singapore market, automation of choice (default option) increased user conversion by 12%, minimizing the gambler’s fallacy and the endowment effect. To identify cognitive biases, the COREDO team uses methods of behavioral pattern analysis and machine learning.

Influence of social norms on corporate culture

Social norms and emotional triggers are powerful tools for managing corporate culture and employee motivation. In COREDO projects implementing new AML standards in companies in the EU and the CIS, the use of emotional triggers (a sense of belonging, stress and relief, guilt as a tool) accelerated adaptation to changes by 30%.

The influence of emotions on investment decisions is also critical: COREDO’s practice shows that properly addressing emotional barriers reduces resistance to new financial products and increases team engagement.

Thus, emotional and behavioral factors form the basis for the emergence of anomalies in financial markets and further distortions in decision-making.

Behavioral anomalies in the market: examples and impact

Illustration for the section «Behavioral anomalies in the market: examples and impact» in the article «The science of manipulation: methods and techniques of influence»

Behavioral anomalies: deviations from rational behavior that create market inefficiency.

The January effect, the momentum effect, narrative economics — all these phenomena lead to erroneous investment decisions and crises.

COREDO regularly analyzes the impact of narrative on markets and of emotions on clients’ investment decisions. In one case supporting a market entry into Dubai, managing risks of manipulation and analyzing behavioral anomalies helped minimize losses during a period of market turbulence.

Manipulation in international business: risks and ethics

Illustration for the section «Manipulation in international business: risks and ethics» in the article «The science of manipulation: methods and techniques of influence»

Any manipulation is a balance between effectiveness and ethics. In COREDO’s international practice, special attention is paid to ethical aspects: where nudging ends and manipulation begins, and how to ensure transparency and trust in corporate communications.

Criticism of behavioral economics from proponents of classical theories often comes down to questions of experiment representativeness and the long-term consequences of manipulative technologies. At the same time, COREDO’s practice shows that with competent management of manipulation risks and the implementation of impact-efficiency metrics, negative effects can be minimized and corporate reputation strengthened.

Ethics and risks of manipulation

The dilemma of freedom of choice and effectiveness of influence requires transparency and openness. Solutions developed at COREDO include the introduction of ethical standards, regular audits of manipulative technologies, and employee training in reflexive communication principles.

To assess and control risks, impact-efficiency metrics, psychodiagnostics of the target audience, and analysis of long-term consequences are used. For example, when implementing new AML standards in an international company, the COREDO team conducted regular audits of nudging practices to avoid excessive pressure and maintain employee trust.

How to assess the effectiveness of behavioral strategies

Measuring the ROI of behavioral changes is key to sustainable business development. COREDO uses comprehensive metrics: level of engagement, speed of adaptation, reduction of decision-making errors, and impact on corporate reputation.

COREDO cases show that abuse of manipulative technologies leads to decreased trust and increased staff turnover, whereas ethical implementation of behavioral strategies ensures long-term growth and competitive advantages. Regular monitoring and strategy adaptation allow minimizing risks and increasing the effectiveness of influence.

Scaling business abroad: how to increase effectiveness

Illustration for the section «Scaling business abroad: how to increase effectiveness» in the article «The science of manipulation: methods and techniques of influence»

The modern development of the science of manipulation is linked to the integration of behavioral insights, neuroeconomics, big data analysis, and digital technologies. Scaling successful practices requires adaptation to the cultural and regulatory specifics of different markets.

COREDO actively implements solutions based on the Behavioral Insights Team, digital choice design, and decision automation in projects for company registration, obtaining financial licenses, and AML consulting in the EU, Asia, and the CIS.

Transition to the next section:
The effectiveness of these solutions directly depends on the quality of data analysis and the degree of choice automation.

Data analysis and choice automation

Big data and artificial intelligence open new opportunities for uncovering hidden behavioral anomalies and optimizing business processes. In COREDO projects, the analysis of large datasets of client behavior made it possible to identify choice automation patterns, increase loyalty, and reduce servicing costs.

Decision automation, the implementation of digital tools, and reflexivity in communications are becoming the standard for international companies aiming for sustainable growth.

ROI of behavioral changes: cases and advice

Scaling behavioral practices requires a systemic approach: adapting strategies to local specifics, implementing the Behavioral Insights Team, regular effectiveness analysis, and team training. COREDO’s experience in supporting international projects (Cyprus, Slovakia, Singapore, Dubai) shows that integrating behavioral insights with digital choice design and big data analysis increases the ROI of behavioral changes and enhances competitiveness in global markets.

COREDO’s recommendations include: implementing efficiency metrics, regular audits of behavioral strategies, staff training, and adapting tools to cultural and regulatory conditions.

Behavioral economics in international business

COREDO’s experience shows: taking into account bounded rationality, cognitive biases, and modern influence methods -the key to effective behavior management in international business. Balance between efficiency and ethics, the implementation of behavioral insights and regular monitoring of strategies ensure not only ROI growth but also the sustainable development of the company.

Use the science of manipulation and behavioral economics as a tool for growth, risk minimization, and increased competitiveness in global markets.

The COREDO team is ready to be your reliable partner in implementing these tasks: from the registration of legal entities to the implementation of comprehensive behavioral strategies.

81% of international companies face legal and operational risks due to insufficiently clearly defined powers of the director and ineffective corporate governance. In the era of globalization, when Registration of legal entities in the EU, Asia and Africa becomes part of a scaling strategy, the role of the company director goes far beyond formal leadership. Today, the director’s management decisions determine not only the speed of entering new markets, but also the business’s resilience to regulatory changes, the effectiveness of financial control and compliance with international compliance standards.

Why do even experienced entrepreneurs face unexpected challenges when starting a business in new jurisdictions? How can a company director build a management system that ensures transparency, minimizes risks and allows scaling the business without losing control over key processes? Which powers and duties are truly critical for success in today’s conditions?

In this article I, Nikita Veremeev, CEO of COREDO, share the experience and strategic decisions that the COREDO team implemented in projects for registering and supporting companies in the EU, Asia and the CIS. You will receive not only an in-depth analysis of the director’s powers and tasks, but also practical recommendations on how to build effective governance, meet AML and compliance requirements, protect shareholders’ interests and ensure the long-term sustainability of the business.

Read the article to the end: here you will find answers to the most pressing questions of international corporate governance.

Powers of the company director: main aspects

Illustration for the section «Powers of the company director: main aspects» in the article «Company director powers and main tasks»

The powers of the company director cover a wide range of issues, from strategic decisions to organizing day-to-day activities and representing the firm’s interests externally. Still, these aspects can vary significantly depending on the country, legislation and corporate traditions, which is important to consider when comparing the director’s powers across different jurisdictions.

Powers of the director in different countries

In international practice, the powers of a company director are determined by a combination of corporate law, the company’s articles of association and internal corporate policies. For example, when registering legal entities in the EU, the director becomes an executive body authorized to conclude transactions, represent the company in relations with government authorities and oversee the implementation of corporate strategy. In the Czech Republic and Estonia, the director bears fiduciary responsibility to shareholders and must adhere to principles of corporate ethics. In the United Kingdom, the director’s powers are detailed in the Companies Act 2006, where special attention is paid to the director’s Due Diligence, protection of beneficial owners’ interests and transparency of corporate reporting.

In Asian countries, for example in Singapore, the legislation requires at least one local resident director, which is critical for compliance with ACRA requirements and successful company registration. In Singapore and Hong Kong, the emphasis is on internal control and implementing compliance procedures, while in some African countries the director’s powers are often less formalized, which requires special attention to international corporate law and protecting shareholders’ interests when building holding structures.

COREDO’s practice confirms: a detailed analysis of an organization’s director rights and their alignment with the company’s articles of association helps minimize legal risks and provide management flexibility when entering new markets.

Director decisions for company growth

The company director is the key figure in strategic planning and implementing corporate strategy. His decisions determine development directions, investment priorities, management structure and corporate culture. In international structures the director is responsible for adapting the business model to the requirements of different jurisdictions, integrating ESG factors into corporate governance and implementing digital solutions to optimize business processes.

The COREDO team has implemented projects where the director’s strategic decisions not only accelerated the registration of legal entities in the EU and Asia, but also created a sustainable platform for scaling the business while minimizing tax and compliance risks. In modern conditions the director must master business analytics tools, manage C-level management and build a succession planning system for the long-term sustainability of the company.

Overcoming these challenges is impossible without effective task allocation and building a system for delegating powers, which becomes the next key aspect of management.

Delegation of powers: how to manage personnel

Effective delegation of powers is one of the key tasks of the CEO. In international companies, where personnel management by the director covers multicultural teams, it is important not only to distribute responsibility but also to build a system for monitoring effectiveness. Best practices include implementing KPIs and director performance metrics, regular feedback sessions, as well as developing a corporate culture that supports initiative and process transparency.

The solution developed by COREDO for clients with subsidiaries in different countries showed: a clear delegation system integrated with internal control and anti-corruption procedures makes it possible to minimize operational risks and increase team engagement in achieving strategic goals.

Tasks of the company’s CEO

Illustration for the section «Tasks of the company's CEO» in the article «Company director powers and main tasks»

The tasks of the company’s CEO cover the key aspects of managing and developing the company: from strategic decisions to daily control of operations and finances. Understanding these tasks allows you to build effective enterprise operations and achieve sustainable growth.

Operational and financial management of the business

Control of business processes and the director’s financial control are the foundation of effective company management. Tasks of the generalThe director’s responsibilities include not only organizing daily operational activities, but also ensuring the transparency of financial reporting, implementing business analytics tools and regularly assessing process efficiency using KPIs.

In COREDO’s practice, special attention is paid to automating financial control and implementing digital tools for monitoring corporate reporting. This approach allows the director to timely identify deviations, optimize business processes and increase return on investment even amid rapid company growth.

Director’s risks and compliance

Company risk management is a strategic function that requires a systemic approach to internal control, implementation of anti-corruption procedures and compliance with international AML directives. The director and the compliance team must build KYC check processes, monitor the director’s fulfillment of AML obligations and interact with the compliance officer to minimize compliance risks.

Our experience at COREDO has shown that implementing risk management systems and regular internal audits not only allows compliance with EU and Asian regulators’ requirements, but also prevents financial and reputational losses related to breaches of compliance procedures.

In addition, strengthening transparent communications and fostering a strong corporate culture become an integral part of an effective compliance system.

Corporate culture and communications

Building corporate culture: a strategic task of the director that affects business resilience and its attractiveness to investors. Corporate ethics, transparency of communications, protection of shareholders’ interests and effective interaction with regulators become an integral part of the director’s functions in an international structure.

In COREDO’s cases of supporting companies in the EU and Singapore, special attention was paid to building a system of external communications that allows the director not only to maintain investor trust but also to effectively respond to requests from regulators and external auditors.

Director’s responsibility: legal and financial aspects

Illustration for the section «Director's responsibility: legal and financial aspects» in the article «Company director: powers and main tasks»

A director’s responsibility covers not only legal but also financial aspects of company management, including protecting shareholders’ interests, complying with legislation and ensuring transparency of all operations. Different countries have their own specifics for holding a director accountable: from civil liability to criminal, which is important to consider when operating internationally. Next we will look at how these mechanisms are implemented in different jurisdictions in Europe, Asia and Africa.

Director’s liability in the EU, Asia and Africa

Jurisdiction Main types of liability AML/compliance specifics Sanctions for violations
EU Civil, criminal, administrative, fiduciary Strict oversight, mandatory KYC/AML procedures Fines, disqualification, criminal liability
Asia Civil, administrative, less often criminal Requirements depend on the country, emphasis on internal control Fines, ban on activity
Africa Depends on the country, often less formalized Implementation of AML at the registration stage Fines, license revocation

In different jurisdictions a director’s liability is determined by a combination of civil, administrative and criminal norms. For example, in the EU fiduciary responsibility and the director’s due diligence are particularly important, while in Asia compliance with internal policies and compliance procedures is emphasized. In Africa requirements may be less formalized, which requires special attention to the corporate structure of the holding and protecting shareholders’ interests.

Liability for AML breaches

Violation of a director’s AML obligations and compliance procedures entails serious sanctions: from large fines and disqualification to criminal liability and license revocation. The COREDO team has regularly encountered cases where non-compliance with AML directives led to account freezes and investigations by regulators. Implementing anti-corruption procedures and regular staff training are key elements of the internal control system that minimize these risks.

Internal audit and risk control

Organizing internal audit and building an internal control system is an integral part of corporate governance. The company director must ensure the transparency of corporate reporting, especially in the EU where disclosure and audit requirements are particularly strict. Solutions implemented by COREDO include automating internal audit processes, deploying digital platforms to monitor compliance with corporate policies and regularly assessing the effectiveness of the internal control system.

Director of an international company: main challenges

Illustration for the section «Director of an international company: main challenges» in the article «Company director: powers and main tasks»

For the director of an international company, the main challenges begin already at the stage of entering new markets. Each region sets its own requirements and laws, which requires the manager to be flexible and have a deep understanding of the nuances of company registration and doing business in different countries. Next we will consider the specifics of company formation in the EU, Asia and Africa.

Company registration in the EU, Asia and Africa

When registering legal entities in the EU, Asia and Africa, a key step is appointing a director who meets the requirements of local law. For example, in Singapore the presence of a local resident director is mandatory, and in some EU countries confirmation of the candidate’s qualifications and experience is required. Special attention is paid to the corporate governance structure, the presence of a company secretary and the registration address’s compliance with regulatory requirements.

In COREDO’s practice, legal analysis of the holding’s corporate structure is given special importance, which helps avoid conflicts among shareholders and ensures flexibility in managing subsidiaries in different countries.

How to manage business subsidiaries

Control over international units requires the director to implement digital transformation tools, business analytics and process optimization. Implementing digital solutions enables the company director to promptly receive data on the activities of subsidiariesstructures, monitor the implementation of corporate policies, and ensure transparency of corporate reporting.

The COREDO case of supporting a holding with subsidiaries in the EU and Asia has shown that integrating business analytics and automating management processes not only allows scaling the business but also minimizes tax and operational risks.

Engagement with regulators and investors

The company director must build effective communications with regulators, investors and external auditors. COREDO’s practical recommendations include regularly updating corporate policies, preparing for external audits, and implementing tools for transparent engagement with investors. This approach not only minimizes compliance risks but also increases the company’s investment appeal in international markets.

How to become an effective director of an international company

Illustration for the section ‘How to become an effective director of an international company’ in the article ‘Company director powers and main duties’

An effective director of an international company is not only a confident leader but also someone able to quickly adapt to different cultures and market requirements. To build a strong team and achieve strategic goals at a global level, it is important to combine professional and managerial qualities, be open to change, and be able to make decisions in evolving circumstances.

Key takeaways and recommended actions

  • Ensure that the director’s powers comply with the articles of association and the laws of each jurisdiction: this is the foundation for minimizing legal risks and successfully scaling the business.
  • Implement a KPI system and business analytics for regular evaluation of business process performance and strategic decision-making.
  • Ensure regular internal audits and automation of compliance procedures — this will enable timely identification and remediation of AML violations and anti-corruption breaches.
  • Develop corporate culture by integrating ESG factors and succession planning for the company’s long-term sustainability.
  • Use digital management tools and business analytics to monitor the activities of subsidiaries and optimize processes.
  • Build a C-level management team capable of effectively delegating responsibility and managing change.
  • Regularly update corporate policies and engage with external auditors and regulators to maintain investor trust and minimize compliance risks.

Key questions for entrepreneurs

What powers does a company director have in the EU?

A company director in the EU is granted powers to manage the business, enter into transactions, represent the organization before government authorities, oversee the implementation of corporate strategy, and ensure that corporate reporting complies with legal requirements.

What are the main tasks of a director when registering a business in Asia?

The director is responsible for preparing corporate documents, complying with company structure requirements (for example, the presence of a local director in Singapore), organizing internal control, and carrying out compliance procedures when opening bank accounts and obtaining licenses.

How does a director ensure AML compliance in an international company?

The director implements KYC procedures, oversees compliance with AML directives, organizes internal audits and staff training, and works with the compliance officer to timely detect and prevent risks.

How to minimize risks when working with international clients?

Use director due diligence, implement internal control systems, automate compliance procedures, and regularly update corporate policies in line with regulatory requirements.

How does a director interact with regulators and investors?

The director builds transparent communications, prepares corporate reporting, organizes external audits, and regularly informs investors about key changes in the company’s activities.

Conclusions on the topic of the article

A competent company director is not only a guarantee of effective management and strategic development but also a key factor in minimizing legal, financial and compliance risks when registering and scaling a business abroad. COREDO’s practice shows that only a comprehensive approach—including legal support, implementation of digital tools, and development of corporate culture—allows achieving sustainable results in international business. By choosing professional support, you invest in the long-term resilience and transparency of your business in the global market.

HR compliance in international companies is not just a formal observance of rules, but a whole system of approaches and standards aimed at meeting the requirements of different countries and industries.

For international companies effective HR compliance becomes a key tool for minimizing legal risks, maintaining reputation and building trust in the global market.

International HR compliance: essence and objectives

International HR compliance is not just adherence to the labor laws of different countries, but an integrated system of corporate personnel governance, including ISO standards (for example, ISO 30414, ISO 9001), a corporate code of conduct, ESG principles and D&I (diversity & inclusion). In practice the COREDO team implemented projects where HR compliance became the connecting link between business strategy and daily HR processes: from employee onboarding to managing global HR processes and building corporate ethics.

The objectives of international HR compliance include:

  • Ensuring compliance with labor legislation (compliance with labor law) in every jurisdiction where the business operates.
  • Risk management (risk-based approach) when hiring, relocating and dismissing employees.
  • Creating a transparent system of corporate personnel management where the employee handbook and internal HR compliance policies become instruments not only of control but also of developing corporate culture.

International labor law and local laws

International labor law sets the framework, but each market, from Slovakia to Singapore, dictates its own nuances.

Multijurisdictional compliance requires a balance between global standards and local regulation of labor migration, work visas, hiring and dismissal conditions. COREDO’s practice confirms: only a deep analysis of local norms, integration of international HR processes and continuous monitoring of changes make it possible to minimize the risk of labor disputes and protect the business from the legal consequences of HR compliance violations.

HR compliance in international companies

Illustration for the section «HR compliance in international companies» in the article «Managing personnel abroad: basics of international HR compliance»

HR compliance in international companies is not only formal compliance with the law, but also the creation of a system of internal rules that protect the business from financial and reputational risks. In such an environment internal policies and procedures acquire special significance, shaping the foundations of ethical and safe employee behavior amid the diversity of legislative requirements in different countries.

Internal HR compliance policies and procedures

The first step is creating and adapting internal HR compliance policies that take into account the specifics of each jurisdiction. The solution developed by COREDO for a European fintech company included an employee handbook, internal communications on compliance issues and corporate ethics, which allowed not only to standardize processes but also to increase employee engagement. It is important that the compliance policy be flexible when scaling the business, while complying with international best practices and local legal requirements.

Compliance with ISO, GDPR, AML, KYC standards

Implementing ISO standards for personnel management (ISO 30414, ISO 9001), complying with GDPR when working with employees’ personal data, and integrating AML and KYC procedures into HR are becoming mandatory for international companies.

Our experience at COREDO has shown that a risk-based approach and management of employees’ personal data are the key to reducing regulatory and reputational risks. For example, when opening a branch in Estonia we integrated GDPR, ISO and internal AML procedures into the client’s HR platform, which made it possible to ensure transparency and control over compliance with legislation.

Digital tools for HR compliance

Modern digital HR platforms allow automating processes such as employee screening, background checks, monitoring and reporting on HR compliance.

Implementing digital HR compliance tools is not only about speed but also about cybersecurity in HR processes. In practice COREDO implemented an HR compliance automation project for a group of companies in the EU, where HR analytics and automated internal audit made it possible to identify and eliminate bottlenecks in managing personnel abroad.

HR compliance: risks, due diligence, anti-corruption

Illustration for the section «HR compliance: risks, due diligence, anti-corruption» in the article «Managing personnel abroad: basics of international HR compliance»

HR compliance is a system for managing personnel-related risks that combines Due Diligence principles and anti-corruption practices to protect the business from financial and reputational losses. In particular, a competent candidate screening when entering a new market helps prevent legal violations, minimize corruption risks and strengthen the reliability of business processes.

Candidate screening when entering a new market

Personnel due diligence is an integral part of entering new markets and managing risks when hiring foreign employees. Candidate screening (employee screening, background check) helps identify potential threats already at the hiring stage. In one of COREDO’s cases for a client in the UK, a multi-level personnel due diligence system was implemented, including KYC in HR, which reduced the risk of internal fraud and increased investor confidence.

Anti-corruption compliance in the company

Anti-corruption compliance in HR is not only formal procedures but also building a corporate culture of compliance. Mechanisms such as whistleblowing, internal investigations of violations, corporate ethics and transparent corporate investigation procedures help minimize corruption risks and conflicts of interest. COREDO’s solutions for implementing whistleblowing and internal audit of HR processes in international teams have proven effective for clients in the EU and Asia.

Conflicts of interest in international teams

Managing conflicts of interest in HR requires cross-cultural menemanagement and the continuous work of the compliance officer. In transnational teams it is especially important to timely identify and resolve conflicts of interest among top management to avoid labor disputes and reputational losses. In one of COREDO’s projects for a large Asian corporation, a comprehensive approach to managing conflicts of interest was implemented, which increased transparency and reduced business risks.

Compliance: employee training and culture

Illustration for the section «Compliance: employee training and culture» in the article «Managing personnel abroad: fundamentals of international HR compliance»

Compliance: employee training and culture is the foundation of sustainable development for a modern company, allowing not only adherence to legal and ethical norms but also the formation of responsible employee behavior. Effective compliance training programs create a culture of rule compliance within the organization and respond to global regulatory changes, which is especially important when operating in international markets.

Thus, the specifics of compliance training depend on the requirements of a particular region and regulatory authorities, which is discussed in detail in the next section.

Requirements for compliance training in the EU, Asia, CIS

Employee compliance training is a mandatory requirement for companies operating in the EU, Asia and the CIS. Different jurisdictions have their own standards: for example, in the EU the focus is on GDPR, D&I and e-learning for compliance; in Asia: on anti-corruption procedures and employee onboarding. The COREDO team developed a modular compliance training system for a client in the Czech Republic, which not only increased the level of knowledge but also reduced the number of violations.

Compliance culture in the company

Corporate compliance culture is built through internal communications, regular training, employee engagement and the development of corporate ethics. COREDO’s practice has shown: employee involvement in compliance processes directly affects the reduction in the number of incidents and labor disputes. Implementing D&I, supporting whistleblowing and transparent internal communications become drivers of sustainable development.

Talent assessment in an international team

Assessing and developing talent in international teams requires a systematic approach: succession planning, D&I, benchmarking HR compliance. Using HR analytics and regularly assessing the effectiveness of development programs makes it possible to identify and support key talents, which is especially important in cross-border personnel management.

Thus, the integration of assessment systems and analytics lays the foundation for the regular review and improvement of HR processes, which is directly related to the effectiveness of HR compliance.

Evaluation of HR compliance effectiveness

Illustration for the section «Evaluation of HR compliance effectiveness» in the article «Managing personnel abroad: fundamentals of international HR compliance»

Evaluating the effectiveness of HR compliance becomes a key tool that allows identifying how well HR processes comply with internal standards and legal requirements. Regular analytics and systematic monitoring help detect weak points in advance, reduce the risk of violations and ensure transparency of the HR function.

Internal audit and monitoring of HR compliance

Auditing HR processes in foreign branches is a key tool for controlling compliance with laws and standards. Internal audit, monitoring and reporting on HR compliance allow timely detection and elimination of violations. In one of COREDO’s projects for a client in Dubai, a system of regular internal audits and control over compliance with local and international legislation was implemented, which ensured process transparency and reduced regulatory risks.

Metrics for HR compliance effectiveness

Assessing the effectiveness of HR compliance and the ROI from its implementation requires the use of HR analytics and performance metrics: employee engagement level, number of labor disputes, time to fill vacancies, number of detected violations, the impact of compliance on the company’s investment attractiveness. COREDO’s solution for an international group of companies included the implementation of a metrics system that not only increased transparency but also justified investments in compliance.

International HR compliance: how to implement

Step Description Key tools/standards
1 Analysis of requirements and risks ISO, GDPR, local legislation
2 Development and adaptation of policies employee handbook, AML/KYC, whistleblowing
3 Conducting personnel due diligence background check, employee screening
4 Training and engaging employees e-learning, D&I, corporate ethics
5 Monitoring and audit HR analytics, internal audit
6 Adjustment and development benchmarking, succession planning
These steps reflect the best practices of international HR compliance and help minimize risks when hiring foreign employees, scaling the business and managing personnel abroad.

Main conclusions and recommendations

Illustration for the section «Main conclusions and recommendations» in the article «Managing personnel abroad: fundamentals of international HR compliance»

International HR compliance is not only a legal obligation but also a strategic tool for corporate sustainability, risk minimization and increasing the company’s investment attractiveness. A comprehensive approach based on best practices, regular training, process automation and continuous monitoring provides long-term benefits and protects the business from the critical consequences of violations. COREDO’s practice confirms: timely implementation and development of HR compliance is the key to trust from investors, employees and regulators.

Answers for entrepreneurs and executives

How to implement international HR compliance when entering new markets?

Start with an analysis of local and international legislation, develop internal policies, integrate ISO, GDPR, AML/KYC, conduct personnel due diligence and implement a compliance training system.

What are the main risks for business associated with non-complianceHR compliance abroad?

Financial sanctions, labor disputes, loss of licenses, reputational damage, restrictions on hiring and relocating employees.

How to measure the ROI of implementing HR compliance in an international company?

Use HR analytics: reduced number of violations, fewer labor disputes, increased engagement, shorter time-to-fill vacancies, improved attractiveness to investors.

What are the personnel due diligence requirements in the EU and Asia?

Verification of biography and qualifications, criminal record checks, AML/KYC compliance, risk analysis, background check.

How to ensure GDPR compliance when working with personnel from different countries?

Implement personal data management policies, use secure digital platforms, regularly train employees.

Which digital tools are most effective for automating HR compliance?

HRIS systems, e-learning platforms, tools for background checks, internal audit systems and whistleblowing.

How to build a culture of compliance in a multinational company?

Regular training, support for D&I, transparent internal communications, involvement of top management, formalization of corporate ethics.

Which ISO standards are mandatory for HR compliance in different jurisdictions?

ISO 30414 (HR management), ISO 9001 (quality management), as well as local standards depending on the country.

How to manage conflicts of interest among top management in an international structure?

Implement procedures for identifying and resolving conflicts of interest, appoint a compliance officer, use cross-cultural management.

How to minimize legal and reputational risks when hiring foreign employees?

Conduct comprehensive due diligence, integrate AML/KYC, automate processes, regularly update internal policies.

What long-term consequences for the business can result from ignoring HR compliance?

Loss of investor trust, financial and legal sanctions, decrease in business value, restrictions on international expansion.

If you are looking for a strategic partner to build and develop international HR compliance: COREDO’s experience and our expertise in the EU, Asia and the CIS will help you build an effective, transparent and sustainable personnel management system abroad.

Loot boxes are digital containers with in-game items, purchased by players for real money or in-game currencies. Their key feature: a random outcome (“surprise mechanics”), which creates strong engagement and encourages repeat purchases. In the video game business model, loot boxes provide a steady cash flow, increase user LTV and allow flexible monetization management.

The practice of COREDO confirms: proper implementation of loot boxes can increase ARPU by 20–40%, but requires strict adherence to monetization ethics and legislation on digital goods.
In-game items obtained from loot boxes often become subject to legal regulation, especially if they can be traded, sold, or used outside the gaming platform.

Ethical monetization implies transparency of mechanics, the absence of manipulative elements, and protection of minors.

At the same time, the rapidly changing legislation requires a thorough analysis of legal risks when using loot boxes, which will be examined below.

Regulation of loot boxes for business

An increase in complaints about opacity, gambling mechanics, and consumer risks has forced regulators to tighten control over loot boxes.

In several countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, China), loot boxes are equated with gambling, which entails strict requirements for age verification, disclosure of win probabilities, and licensing. Violation of these requirements threatens not only fines but also the withdrawal of games from the market (“withdrawal of games”).

The solution developed at COREDO for clients in the EU and Asia includes mechanics audit, implementation of age verification, preparation of transparent documentation, and training of the compliance officer. Corporate responsibility and consumer protection become key factors in business resilience. Legal risks for developer companies — from loss of license to lawsuits — require a systematic approach to compliance and constant monitoring of the regulatory framework.

Loot box regulation in Europe: risks for business

Illustration for the section «Regulation of loot boxes in Europe: risks for business» in the article «Comparative analysis of loot box legislation in different countries»

Loot box regulation in Europe is becoming increasingly strict under the influence of authorities’ concerns about consumer risks and the possible recognition of this business model as a form of gambling. The lack of unified rules across countries leads to fragmented and often radical measures, creating significant risks for game companies’ businesses, the most serious manifestation of which has already become the complete ban on operations in certain jurisdictions.

Complete business ban in Belgium and the Netherlands

In Belgium and the Netherlands, loot boxes are recognized as gambling and are completely prohibited without a special license. As a result, major publishers, including Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts, were forced to withdraw games from the market (“withdrawal of games”), change their business model or abandon monetization through loot boxes. The cases of closures of Pokémon Unite and Overwatch in these countries are illustrative examples of the impact of the loot box ban on market entry strategy.

It is important to note: violation of loot box legislation in Belgium and the Netherlands leads to criminal liability and large fines, as well as loss of corporate reputation.

Requirements for age verification and licensing

The EU has a strict regulatory framework that obliges developers to disclose the probability of winning (“transparent odds disclosure”), implement age verification and ensure Licensing of game products. In-game purchases and items are subject to audit, and the compliance officer must regularly update the company’s policy in accordance with changes in legislation.

COREDO’s experience has shown that the integration of automated age verification tools and transparent reporting makes it possible to minimize legal risks and increase consumer trust. Game audits become a mandatory element of corporate responsibility, and preparing loot box reports for auditors is becoming a standard for large game companies.

Impact of regulation on ROI and company strategies

Tightening of loot box regulation directly affects the ROI of game companies: banning or restricting surprise mechanics reduces profitability, increases compliance costs and requires a revision of the business model. COREDO’s practice confirms: successful adaptation to new requirements is possible through diversification of monetization, implementation of ethical monetization and development of new corporate strategies for market entry with different approaches to regulation.

Financial reporting of game companies must take into account the business risks of implementing loot boxes, and cross-border regulation requires a deep analysis of jurisdictional differences. Strategies for scaling products with loot boxes in the EU are built on flexibility and readiness to rapidly change mechanics.

Loot boxes: regulation in China, Japan, Korea

Illustration for the section «Loot boxes: regulation in China, Japan, Korea» in the article «Comparative analysis of loot box legislation in different countries»

Loot boxes have long become an integral part of digital entertainment, raising more and more questions from regulators around the world. Approaches to regulating loot boxes in China, Japan and Korea differ significantly, especially in terms of requirements for age verification and disclosure of the probabilities of prize drops. Let’s consider the main features of legislation and practice in these countries.

China: requirements for age verification and odds disclosure

In China, loot box regulation is especially strict: all developers are required to disclose the probability of winning (“transparent odds disclosure”), implement age verification and comply with digital goods regulation requirements. Protection of minors is a priority for regulators, and violations of the rules threaten product blocking and sanctions.

The solution developed at COREDO for Asian clients includes integration of age verification technologies, preparation of transparent documentation and training of the compliance officer. In China, special attention is paid to control over in-game currencies and the Prize Machine, and the legal risks for developer companies are associated with cross-border regulation and the need for licensing.

Particular attention is paid to cross-border licensing issues, which distinguishes the Chinese approach from the regulatory models adopted in neighboring eastern countries

and Asia.

Japan and Korea: self-regulation or control?

In Japan there is a self-regulation model: the industry independently develops transparency standards, limits on manipulative mechanics and mechanisms for controlling gambling. In South Korea, state control is combined with requirements for age verification and partial odds disclosure.

The COREDO team has implemented projects to prepare compliance policies, audit gaming compliance and introduce mechanisms to protect minors. Social casino games and in-game items are subject to separate regulation, and legal risks are associated with non-compliance with standards of ethical monetization and corporate responsibility.

Legal risks in Asian markets

Entering Asian markets requires an in-depth analysis of cross-border regulation, preparation of legal documentation and adaptation of the business model to local requirements. COREDO’s experience has shown that successful scaling is possible provided innovations in age verification, transparency in odds disclosure and continuous monitoring of the regulatory framework are implemented.

Corporate strategies for entering new markets are built on flexibility, readiness to change monetization and interaction with regulators. The compliance officer becomes a key figure in managing legal risks and protecting the business from sanctions.

Loot boxes in Africa: regulation and prospects

Illustration for the section «Loot boxes in Africa: regulation and prospects» in the article «Comparative analysis of loot box legislation in different countries»

Loot boxes in Africa are becoming an increasingly noticeable phenomenon against the backdrop of the active development of the region’s gaming market and changes in the regulatory sphere. Let’s look at how the regulatory framework is forming and what prospects and business risks this poses for companies and players.

Business risks and regulatory framework: analysis

In Africa, loot box regulation is at the formation stage: there are no unified standards, and digital goods regulation and mechanisms for controlling gambling are being implemented selectively. Jurisdictional differences require an individual approach to each market, and legal risks for developer companies are associated with uncertainty in the regulatory framework.

COREDO’s practice has shown that comprehensive audits and preparation of financial reporting make it possible to minimize risks and ensure corporate responsibility. Implementing compliance in the gaming industry becomes a competitive advantage for companies seeking long-term presence in African markets.

Regulatory trends and business scaling

Regulatory trends in Africa, gradual tightening of control, the development of gamification and the introduction of legal aspects of Prize Machine. Opportunities for scaling open up for companies ready to invest in innovations, adapt the business model and interact with regulators.

The COREDO team has implemented projects to analyze cross-border regulation and develop corporate strategies for entering new markets. Innovations in the gaming industry: the key to successful introduction of loot boxes under changing legislation.

Loot box laws in the EU, Asia and Africa

Region Loot box ban Requirements for odds disclosure Age verification Licensing Business risks
Belgium Yes Yes Yes Yes High
Netherlands Yes Yes Yes Yes High
China No (strict regulation) Yes Yes Yes Medium
Japan No (self-regulation) Partial Partial Partial Medium
South Korea No (state control) Partial Yes Yes Medium
Africa No / in the process of formation No No No Low

Compliance and risk minimization for business

Illustration for the section «Compliance and risk minimization for business» in the article «Comparative analysis of loot box legislation in different countries»

Compliance becomes a key tool for minimizing risks and ensuring business resilience, especially in the context of tightening regulation and growing requirements for corporate responsibility. Developing and implementing systematic approaches to compliance allows companies not only to comply with the law but also to prevent financial and reputational losses associated with violations.

Below are the main directions that help build an effective compliance policy for specific business models and tools, including working with loot boxes.

Compliance policy for loot boxes

Proper preparation of a compliance policy is the key to protecting the business and minimizing legal risks. COREDO’s practice includes mechanics audits, implementation of age verification, preparation of transparent documentation and training of the compliance officer. Game audits and financial reporting on loot boxes are becoming standard for companies operating in international markets.

Optimization of the business model to comply with the law

Adapting the business model to legislation is a strategic step to preserve ROI and business resilience. The solution developed at COREDO includes monetization diversification, implementation of ethical monetization and continuous monitoring of the regulatory framework. Corporate strategies for entering new markets are built on flexibility and readiness for rapid changes in mechanics.

Launching loot boxes in new markets

Launching loot boxes in Europe and Asia requires an in-depth analysis of cross-border regulation, preparation of legal documentation and compliance with requirements for age verification and licensing of gaming products. COREDO’s experience shows: successful scaling is possible provided innovations are implemented, odds disclosure is transparent and there is continuous interaction with regulators.

Recommendations for entrepreneurs and executives

Illustration for the section «Recommendations for entrepreneurs and executives» in the article «Comparative analysis of loot box legislation in different countries»

  • The success of a loot box business depends on a deep understanding of legislation, readiness to adapt and a systematic approach to compliance.
  • Best practices for implementing loot boxes include transparency of mechanics, protection of minors, preparation of reports for auditors and training compliance officer.
  • Legal risks of using loot boxes for business are minimized through audits, documentation preparation, and continuous monitoring of the regulatory framework.
  • business protection from sanctions requires corporate responsibility, process transparency and readiness for innovation.
  • ROI optimization is possible only by adapting the business model to market requirements, implementing ethical monetization and developing corporate strategies for entering new markets.

The COREDO team is ready to become your reliable partner in company registration, obtaining financial licenses, AML consulting, and comprehensive business support in international markets. Our experience is your tool for confident development and protection of your business amid the rapidly changing regulation of the gaming industry.

Fund administration in private equity real estate is a key element of effective management of investment funds focused on real estate.

Proper organization of fund administration ensures transparency, control and compliance with investor requirements, and also protects the interests of all market participants.

Functions of a fund administrator for private equity

Fund administration: it is a set of professional services covering calculation of Net Asset Value (NAV), independent verification of assets (third-party validation), customization of reporting to the requirements of limited partner (LP) and general partner (GP), as well as the full cycle of operational Due Diligence of funds.

In practice the fund administrator takes on:

  • Maintaining the investor register and processing transactions
  • Calculation and allocation of returns (waterfall provisions, preferred return)
  • Preparation and distribution of capital call notices
  • Compliance with ILPA standards in reporting for institutional investors
  • Monitoring compliance with regulatory requirements (AIFMD, FATCA, SEC compliance)

The solution developed at COREDO for one of the international private equity real estate funds allowed automating the calculation of investors’ true-up percentages and increasing reporting transparency, which became a key factor in attracting new LP.

Administration of a real estate investment fund

Real estate funds are characterized by complex ownership structures, multi-jurisdictional operations and the need to standardize KYC/AML procedures for each participant.

COREDO’s practice confirms: managing multi-jurisdictional funds requires not only auditing fund reporting, but also control over conflicts of interest, integration with banking and brokerage systems, as well as regular updates to compliance controls in accordance with local and international standards.

In one case the COREDO team implemented the deployment of a digital platform for a real estate fund, providing automation of middle- and back-office processes and standardization of KYC/AML for investors from the EU and Asia.

Outsourcing fund administration – pros and cons

Illustration for the section «Outsourcing fund administration – pros and cons» in the article «Fund administration in private equity real estate: how outsourcing works»

Outsourcing fund administration is a strategic tool that companies choose to optimize processes and reduce costs, but along with the advantages it also carries certain risks. Before proceeding to analyze the pros and cons for the private equity real estate sector, it is important to understand how outsourcing affects control, efficiency and the security of these operations.

Thus, understanding these aspects will allow an objective consideration of the benefits and an assessment of the value of outsourcing for players in private equity real estate.

Benefits of outsourcing for private equity real estate

Outsourcing of funds’ administrative functions allows owners and managers to:

  • Reduce transaction costs through a flexible payment model and avoiding high fixed costs for in-house staff
  • Scale administrative processes during international expansion by using the provider’s global infrastructure
  • Quickly implement innovations, modern IT systems, reporting automation, and integration with banking and brokerage platforms
  • Ensure SLA (service level agreement) for the speed and quality of report preparation for LP and GP

In one of COREDO’s projects for a real estate fund in Singapore, outsourcing middle- and back-office functions reduced reporting preparation time by 35% and ensured compliance with the new ISSB sustainability standards.

Risks and limitations of outsourcing fund administration

Transferring fund administration functions to an external provider is associated with a number of risks:

  • Compliance control: it is necessary to ensure regular monitoring of transactions and prevention of errors, especially in multi-jurisdictional structures
  • Investor data cybersecurity: protection of LP and GP information requires implementation of advanced IT solutions and SLA control
  • Reduction of reputational risks through outsourcing: choosing a provider with proven expertise and experience working with institutional investors is critical for market trust
  • Control over conflicts of interest and institutional due diligence: transparency of procedures and independent verification of assets are key investor requirements
The COREDO team recommends conducting deep due diligence of the provider, including an audit of its IT infrastructure, compliance processes and risk management practices.

In-house or outsourcing of fund administration

Criterion In-house model Outsourcing fund administration
Operating costs High fixed Flexible, depends on volume
Scalability Limited by resources High, access to global infrastructure
Speed of implementing innovations Depends on internal IT Rapid implementation of new technologies
Compliance with regulators Requires internal experts Provider expertise, regular updates
Data leak risks Control within the company Requires SLA and provider control

The experience of lift-out outsourcing of administrative functions implemented by COREDO for a European private equity fund showed: switching to an external fund administrator allowed optimizing costs, speeding up the integration of new regulatory standards and improving the quality of reporting for LP.

What to outsource?

Illustration for the section «What to outsource?» in the article «Fund administration in private equity real estate: how outsourcing works»

Outsourcing specific tasks allows companies to reduce costs and focus on core areas of the business. Identifying which tasks should be delegated to external specialists is especially important for the effective functioning of middle- and back-office structures. Below we will consider which fund administrator tasks are optimal to outsource.

Middle- and back-office tasks for the fund administrator

COREDO’s practice shows that the following are most effectively outsourced:

  • Calculation and distribution of returns (waterfall provisions, preferred return)
  • Calculation of true-up interest for investors
  • Preparation and distribution of capital call notices
  • Automation of reporting and data accuracy control
  • Maintaining the investor register, processing transactions, KYC/AML control

For one of COREDO’s clients in the UK, delegating these processes made it possible to fully free up the internal middle- and back-office, focusing resources on investment strategy and risk management.

Technological solutions for fund administration

Modern IT systems: the key to automating fund administration.

COREDO implements digital platforms for real estate funds that provide integration with banking and brokerage systems and automate middle- and back-office processes.
  • Investor data cybersecurity
  • Integration with banking and brokerage systems
  • Automation of middle- and back-office processes
  • Scalability of administrative functions as the fund grows

In COREDO’s case of automating reporting for a private equity fund in the Czech Republic, integration with banking systems reduced operational errors and accelerated transaction processing by 25%.

Regulatory requirements and reporting

Illustration for the section 'Regulatory requirements and reporting' in the article 'Fund administration in private equity real estate: how outsourcing works'

Regulatory requirements and reporting are becoming increasingly complex due to tighter disclosure rules and the standardization of sustainability approaches worldwide. Modern businesses must adapt to international and local regulations to ensure transparency, compliance, and competitiveness. In this context, outsourcing becomes an effective tool for meeting key standards: from ESG and ISSB to specific requirements of the SEC and AIFMD.

Outsourcing for compliance with ESG, ISSB, SEC, AIFMD

Implementing new regulatory standards is one of the main challenges for private equity real estate funds.

Outsourcing fund administration enables rapid adaptation to ESG and sustainability disclosure requirements, implementation of ISSB sustainability standards, and SEC compliance.
  • Rapidly adapt to ESG and sustainability disclosure requirements
  • Implement ISSB sustainability standards and SEC compliance
  • Conduct audits of fund reporting and institutional due diligence according to international standards
  • Standardize KYC procedures/AML and transaction monitoring

The COREDO team implemented an AIFMD compliance project for a multi-jurisdictional real estate fund, ensuring process transparency and automation of compliance control.

Reporting standards for institutional investors

Institutional investors demand maximum transparency and standardization of reporting:

  • ILPA standards in reporting, a mandatory condition for raising capital
  • Customization of reporting to LP requirements
  • Independent verification of assets (third-party validation)
  • Automation of reporting and institutional due diligence

COREDO’s solution to implement a digital platform for LPs allowed one real estate fund in Estonia to increase investment attractiveness and reduce reporting error risks.

Outsourcing fund administration – how to implement?

Illustration for the section 'Outsourcing fund administration – how to implement?' in the article 'Fund administration in private equity real estate: how outsourcing works'

Outsourcing fund administration allows companies to focus on business development by delegating specialized tasks to external experts. To successfully implement this strategy and avoid common mistakes, it is important to carefully choose a fund administrator and clearly structure the transition process.

To minimize risks and ensure successful outsourcing, the next step is a competent selection of a fund administrator, focusing on key criteria and process specifics.

How to choose a fund administrator?

The choice of provider is a strategic decision that affects the fund’s reputation and effectiveness.

  • Assess the provider’s experience in your jurisdiction and segment (private equity real estate)
  • Check the SLA (service level agreement) – speed, quality, transparency of processes
  • Conduct institutional due diligence: audit of IT infrastructure, compliance processes, and risk management practices
  • Ensure there is a flexible integration model with banking and brokerage systems
  • Request case studies on reducing reputational and operational risks

KPI and outsourcing metrics

To assess the ROI from outsourcing fund administration, the COREDO team uses the following metrics:

  • Reduction of transaction costs (%)
  • Reporting preparation speed (days/hours)
  • Accuracy of NAV and waterfall calculations
  • Number of reporting errors (pcs/quarter)
  • Level of compliance with regulatory standards (ESG, ISSB, SEC, AIFMD)
  • Share of automated middle- and back-office processes

In one of COREDO’s projects, implementing automation achieved an ROI of 180% in the first year through cost optimization and process acceleration.

Capital call, waterfall distribution, compliance: how to organize?

  • Use digital platforms for preparing and distributing capital call notices
  • Automate the calculation and distribution of returns (waterfall provisions) taking into account preferred return and true-up interest
  • Implement compliance control at all stages, from KYC/AML to transaction monitoring and fund reporting audits
  • Regularly update procedures for conflicts of interest control and institutional due diligence

Key recommendations for owners and top managers

Illustration for the section 'Key recommendations for owners and top managers' in the article 'Fund administration in private equity real estate: how outsourcing works'

  • Outsourcing fund administration- a strategic tool for reducing transaction costs, optimizing expenses and increasing the fund’s investment attractiveness.
  • Scalability of administrative processes through the provider’s global infrastructure allows rapid adaptation to new markets and LP requirements.
  • Transparency and standardization of reporting: the key to attracting institutional investors and reducing reputational risks.
  • Integration with banking and brokerage systems, automation of middle- and back-office processes: the foundation for effective management of multi-jurisdictional real estate funds.
  • Compliance control and adherence to new regulatory standards (ESG, ISSB, SEC, AIFMD) – a necessary condition for the fund’s long-term success.

COREDO offers owners and top managers to use outsourcing as a driver of growth, innovation and increased investor confidence.

Moving on to the key business questions, it is important to define the main priorities and areas of responsibility at the stage of selecting an outsourcing provider.

Key questions for the business

What strategic advantages does outsourcing fund administration provide for private equity real estate funds? Outsourcing reduces operating costs, accelerates scaling, ensures regulatory compliance and transparency of reporting for LPs and GPs.
What risks and limitations are associated with outsourcing fund administration? Key risks include investor data cybersecurity, control over conflicts of interest, and the quality of compliance control. Minimizing them requires thorough due diligence of the provider and defined SLAs.
How does outsourcing fund administration affect institutional investor confidence and capital raising? Reporting transparency, process standardization and independent asset verification increase LPs’ trust and improve the chances of successful fundraising.
Which metrics and KPIs should be used to assess the effectiveness of outsourcing fund administration? Reduction of transaction costs, speed of report preparation, accuracy of NAV and waterfall calculations, level of automation of middle- and back-office processes, and compliance with regulatory standards.
How to manage data confidentiality and security when outsourcing fund administration? Implementing modern IT systems, regular cybersecurity audits, SLA control and transaction monitoring: mandatory measures.
Which processes and functions are most appropriate to outsource, and which to keep in-house? NAV calculation, waterfall, capital calls, KYC/AML, reporting automation — outsource; strategic fund management, investment decisions – in-house.
How does outsourcing help meet new regulatory requirements (ESG, ISSB, SEC, AIFMD)? The provider ensures regular updates to compliance processes, automation of reporting under new standards and audit of fund documentation.
How to ensure reporting transparency and standardization for LPs when outsourcing fund administration? Implementing ILPA standards, customizing reporting, third-party validation and process automation.
What are the features of outsourcing fund administration in multi-jurisdictional structures? Integration with local banking and brokerage systems is required, standardization of KYC/AML and regular audits of compliance control.
How does outsourcing fund administration affect the speed of scaling a fund? It allows rapid launch of new structures, integration of innovative solutions and compliance with LP requirements in different jurisdictions.
How to choose a fund administration provider, what to pay attention to in SLAs and experience? Assess experience in your segment, SLA quality, availability of digital platforms, and case studies on risk reduction and regulatory compliance.
How does outsourcing help reduce a fund’s reputational and operational risks? The provider ensures independent asset verification, process transparency, regular audits and control over conflicts of interest.
How have fund administration requirements changed with increased digitization and hybrid work models? The role of automation, cybersecurity, integration with digital platforms and flexible hybrid operating models has increased.
What are the best practices for organizing capital calls and waterfall distribution through outsourcing? Use of automated platforms, transparent procedures, regular audits and checks for calculation accuracy.
How does outsourcing fund administration affect tax optimization of the fund’s structure? The provider helps structure the fund considering jurisdictional requirements, optimize the tax burden and ensure compliance with standards.

If you have questions about implementing outsourcing of fund administration, optimizing processes or compliance with new regulatory requirements – the COREDO team is ready to share experience and offer solutions tailored to your tasks.

The question “Does my business fall under the DSA or DMA?”: crucial for strategic planning and risk assessment.

Criterion DSA (Digital Services Act) DMA (Digital Markets Act)
Who it applies to All digital intermediaries, platforms, VLOP/VLOSE Only systemic platforms – gatekeepers
Key thresholds 45 million users (VLOP), 10,000 business users 45 million users, €7.5 billion turnover
Main requirements Content moderation, transparency, data protection Data portability, APIs for competitors
Penalties for violations Up to 6% of global turnover Up to 10–20% of global turnover
Conducting a compliance audit for DSA/DMA is important to prevent regulatory risks and ensure stable business development.

DSA and DMA: Does your company fall within their scope?

Illustration for the section 'DSA and DMA: Does your company fall within their scope?' in the article 'DSA and DMA requirements: what you need to know to comply with the regulations'

DSA compliance analysis for a platform starts with assessing the type of services provided, the size of the user base, and the nature of the data being processed. Mitigations for small and medium-sized enterprises are provided: for example, simplified requirements for internal policies and reporting if the platform’s audience does not exceed the specified thresholds.

COREDO’s practice has shown that even companies with a relatively small user base can fall under certain provisions of the DSA if they provide cross-border digital services or work with sensitive categories of data.

It is important to take into account the risk-based approach to the DSA — assessing not only formal criteria but also potential risks to users and the market.

VLOP and VLOSE: what they are and how they are defined

Illustration for the section 'VLOP and VLOSE: what they are and how they are defined' in the article 'DSA and DMA requirements: what you need to know to comply with the regulations'

  • VLOP (Very Large Online Platforms): Platforms with an audience of more than 45 million users in the EU.
  • VLOSE (Very Large Online Search Engines): Search engines with similar thresholds.
  • DMA gatekeepers: Systemic platforms that have a significant impact on the EU’s digital infrastructure and possess market power.
Metrics for effective DSA/DMA implementation include regular audits of user flows, analysis of business user data, and monitoring of structured data transfer formats.

Steps to comply with the DSA and DMA

Illustration for the section 'Steps to comply with the DSA and DMA' in the article 'DSA and DMA requirements: what you need to know to comply with the regulations'

Online business compliance with the DSA and DMA is not a one-time task but a comprehensive process that includes an audit, implementation of new procedures, and ongoing engagement with regulators.

Platform compliance audit

The first stage is a platform compliance audit, including analysis of the platform’s DSA compliance, an internal DSA compliance audit, and a user profiling audit. The COREDO team has carried out projects where the audit was performed using a checklist of more than 70 items: from user complaint management to verification of algorithmic transparency.

An important element becomes compliance reporting — regular reporting on fulfillment of DSA and DMA requirements that needs to be integrated into business processes.

Risk management and transparency — how to implement?

DSA risk management involves implementing monitoring systems, automating detection and removal of illegal content, as well as content transparency mechanisms. For this, the following are required:

  • Algorithmic transparency: disclosing the principles of recommendation systems.
  • Algorithmic accountability: documenting changes to algorithms and their impact on users.
  • Advertising transparency policy: labeling ads and providing information about advertisers.
  • User complaint management: creating effective feedback channels and complaint handling procedures.
COREDO’s practice shows that implementing these procedures reduces the risk of fines and increases user trust.

Removal of illegal content: how to organize?

Managing the removal of illegal content requires clear procedures for responding to notices, integration of automated tools, and moderator training. Special attention is paid to protecting user data and the safety of minors online, implementing digital identities for users, and restricting access to sensitive content.

In one of COREDO’s cases for an international marketplace, a module for automatically detecting and removing illegal content was implemented, which reduced response time from 48 to 4 hours.

Data portability and APIs under the DMA

The DMA requires ensuring portability of user data between platforms, as well as providing competitors access to APIs on non-discriminatory terms. To achieve this, it is necessary to:

  • Implement structured data transfer formats.
  • Ensure business users have access to necessary tools.
  • Prepare regular gatekeeper reporting under the DMA.
COREDO’s solution for one fintech client included developing an API compliant with DMA requirements and conducting an independent security audit of data transmission.

Thus, meeting these requirements becomes an important basis for successful engagement with the European Commission and supervisory authorities.

Engagement with the European Commission and supervisory authorities

Engagement with the European Commission on DSA and DMA issues requires transparency, timely preparation of compliance reporting, and readiness for inspections. It is important to establish processes for interaction with supervisory authorities to minimize the risk of sanctions and ensure business resilience.

COREDO supports clients at all stages: from preparing documentation to participating in communications with regulators and independent compliance audits.

Liability and fines under the DSA and DMA

Illustration for the section«Liability and fines under the DSA and DMA» in the article «DSA and DMA requirements: what you need to know to comply with the regulations»

DSA and DMA provide for significant fines for non-compliance with requirements, as well as additional enforcement measures, up to divestiture (forced separation of the business).

Fines for companies and common mistakes

  • DSA: Fines of up to 6% of the company’s global turnover.
  • DMA: Fines of up to 10–20% of global turnover, and in the case of systematic violations, additional measures, including restrictions on market activity.

Typical mistakes when implementing DSA and DMA identified by the COREDO team:

  • Underestimating the scope of required changes to the IT infrastructure.
  • Lack of regular internal audits and monitoring of regulatory changes.
  • Ignoring requirements for algorithmic transparency and reporting.
  • A formal approach to content moderation and user data protection.
Effectiveness metrics for implementing the DSA and DMA include not only a reduction in the number of incidents, but also increased trust from users and partners.

How to prepare for an audit and reduce risks

Minimizing the risk of DSA violations requires implementing a risk-oriented approach, regular internal control and the use of compliance automation tools. COREDO’s practice has shown that integrating compliance procedures into existing IT infrastructure reduces costs and increases business adaptability to new requirements.

This creates a solid foundation for moving on to the implementation of DSA and DMA in corporate practice.

Implementation of DSA and DMA for business

Illustration for the section «Implementation of DSA and DMA for business» in the article «DSA and DMA requirements: what you need to know to comply with the regulations»

The implementation of DSA and DMA for business fundamentally changes the digital environment for all companies providing services in the EU — regardless of their size and sector. These innovations not only tighten requirements for large platforms, but also open new opportunities and benefits for small and medium-sized businesses, which is especially important in the context of growing digital competition.

Benefits for small and medium-sized businesses

For small businesses, concessions are provided: simplified requirements for internal policies, reporting and moderation procedures. At the same time, it is important to remember that as audience size and the geographic scope of services increase, DSA and DMA requirements become fully applicable.

Companies in different jurisdictions

Cross-border digital services and the DSA require taking into account differences in national regulatory approaches, as well as developing a unified strategy for entering the EU market. COREDO’s solutions include developing universal compliance policies and integrating requirements into the processes of registering legal entities in the EU taking into account the DSA and DMA.

Legal entity registration and compliance

Registration of legal entities in the EU, taking into account the DSA and DMA, requires not only preparing the standard set of documents, but also developing internal policies to comply with the DSA and DMA, implementing structured data transfer formats and ensuring EU digital infrastructure that meets the new standards.

In 2024 more than 30% of new private equity funds in Europe and Asia are launched on a rolling model, and the volume of capital raised through a subscription investment model has doubled over the past three years, data from PitchBook show. Why are rolling funds becoming the key tool for strategic growth and portfolio diversification right now? How can you ensure investment flexibility and transparency for LPs/GPs without losing control over risks and meeting AML/Compliance requirements? And most importantly: what practical steps will allow entrepreneurs and CFOs to implement rolling funds into their investment strategy as effectively as possible?

The COREDO team faces these questions daily while supporting international projects to launch and manage rolling funds in the EU, Asia and the Middle East. In this article I will examine in detail how the rolling fund structure in private equity works, how rolling funds fundamentally differ from traditional funds, which legal and compliance nuances need to be considered, and which solutions have proven effective in practice. If you are looking not just for an overview but for a practical guide and strategic ideas to scale your business through alternative investments, I recommend reading to the end.

Rolling funds: what they are and how they work?

Illustration for the section «Rolling funds: what they are and how they work?» in the article «Private equity rolling funds — flexibility of the investment structure»

Rolling funds are an innovative format of private equity and venture funds built on a subscription investment model and a series of funds (fund series), where capital is raised not all at once but regularly through periodic capital calls. This investment structure allows the GP (general partner) to dynamically grow assets under management, while LPs (limited partners) can flexibly enter and exit the fund according to their own strategic goals.

Unlike classic funds with a fixed term and size, rolling funds use continuous capital collection through subscriptions: LPs can join each new fund series, which ensures a steady inflow of investors and dynamic allocation of capital. In practice, the COREDO team has implemented projects where rolling funds were launched both in the form of Delaware LPs and in European and Asian jurisdictions, taking into account local requirements for governance structure, public investor solicitation, and administration automation.

  • Subscription model of funds: LPs subscribe to participate in subsequent series, which lowers the entry barrier and allows flexible management of minimum and maximum contributions.
  • Fund series: each series is a separate investment pool with its own reporting, which facilitates monitoring of the investment portfolio and the exit strategy.
  • Periodic capital calls: the GP initiates fundraising within each series, ensuring liquidity management and adaptation to market conditions.
  • Public investor solicitation: modern platforms (for example, AngelList rolling funds) allow automation of Due Diligence, KYC/AML and administrative fees, providing transparency for LPs/GPs.
COREDO’s practice confirms: rolling funds are not just an alternative to classic venture and private equity structures, but a tool that changes the very logic of capital and risk management.

Thus, rolling funds form a new paradigm of interaction between the investor and the manager; let us consider how they differ from classic venture and private equity funds.

Differences between rolling funds, venture and private equity funds

When comparing rolling funds and traditional closed-end funds, it is worth highlighting several fundamental differences that determine their attractiveness for international investors and managers:

  • Investment flexibility: rolling funds offer LPs the ability to enter and exit at each stage, not only at the beginning of the fund’s lifecycle. This is especially important for institutional and individual investors focused on risk diversification and adapting to changing market conditions.
  • Continuous capital raising: unlike one-time fundraising, rolling funds provide a continuous flow of investments and the ability to quickly respond to new market opportunities.
  • Fund structure with series: each series is an independent investment pool, which simplifies public disclosure, reporting and the exit strategy for LPs.
  • Transparency and reporting: rolling funds are forced to implement more advanced monitoring and disclosure systems, which increases trust from investors and regulators.
  • Public investor solicitation: modern rolling funds actively use marketing strategies to expand the LP base, which accelerates fund scaling.

Implementing projects to launch rolling funds for COREDO clients in the EU and Asia, I note: rolling funds are especially effective for startups and fast-growing companies that need quick access to capital and a flexible investor attraction strategy.

Criterion Rolling Funds Traditional funds
Investment flexibility High (subscription model, series) Low (fixed term)
Liquidity Higher (periodic capital calls) Lower (locked capital)
Transparency Increased (reporting by series) Standard
AML/Compliance Requires automation and monitoring Requires comprehensive control
Scalability Easy (platforms, public solicitation) Difficult (long cycle)

Benefits of rolling funds for investors

Illustration for the section «Benefits of rolling funds for investors» in the article «Private equity rolling funds — flexibility of the investment structure»

The benefits of rolling funds for investors lie in a unique combination of accessibility and flexibility that traditional venture capital does not offer. Rolling funds allow regular investments in small amounts and quick strategic maneuvering, which makes this mechanism especially attractive for those who value flexibility and liquidity.

Rolling funds: flexibility and liquidity

One of the main advantages of rolling funds is flexibilityinvesting and higher liquidity compared to traditional funds. LPs gain the opportunity to diversify their portfolio by participating in different series, and GPs: effectively manage the risks of rolling funds by using dynamic capital allocation and regular monitoring of the investment portfolio.

In the COREDO case for supporting a rolling fund in Singapore, a liquidity management system was implemented for corporate clients, based on automated capital calls and transparent reporting for each series.
  • Risk diversification: participating in multiple series of a rolling fund reduces capital concentration and increases portfolio resilience.
  • Investment liquidity: LPs can increase or decrease their participation in the fund at each stage, which is especially important for corporate and institutional investors.
  • Investment portfolio monitoring: modern rolling funds implement systems for automatic monitoring and performance analysis of each series.

Interaction between LPs and GPs: transparency and reporting

In current conditions, transparency and reporting of rolling funds have become key requirements for both investors and regulators. The solution developed by COREDO for a European fund included the implementation of a platform to automate due diligence, KYC/AML and administrative fees, which enabled rolling fund GPs to provide transparency for LPs and improve interaction efficiency.

  • Transparency for LPs/GPs: regular reporting for each series, public disclosure of information about the fund structure and investment strategies.
  • Performance fee and management fee: rolling funds often use flexible remuneration models where the performance fee and the manager’s fee (management fee) are calculated per series, which increases GP motivation and transparency for LPs.
  • Due diligence and administrative fees: process automation reduces costs and accelerates investment decision-making.
In practice COREDO implemented projects where LPs gained access to an online dashboard with up-to-date reporting for each series, which significantly increased trust and reduced operational risks.

Performance metrics of rolling funds

Evaluating the performance of rolling funds requires the implementation of specific KPIs and metrics that reflect subscription dynamics, returns by series, and the level of portfolio diversification. COREDO projects use the following tools:

  • Hurdle rate (minimum return threshold): the minimum level of return, above which the GP receives a performance fee.
  • IRR (Internal Rate of Return) by series: analyzed separately for each series, allowing LPs to make informed decisions about further participation.
  • Dynamics of LP attraction: subscription rates and investor retention rate, key indicators of rolling fund sustainability.
  • Investment portfolio monitoring: automated reports on asset structure, risks and exit strategy.
COREDO’s practice shows: implementing transparent metrics and regular reporting allows rolling funds not only to attract new LPs but also to retain long-term partners.

Legal support for rolling funds in the EU, Asia, Africa

Illustration for the section “Legal support for rolling funds in the EU, Asia, Africa” in the article “Private equity rolling funds: flexibility of the investment structure”

Legal support for rolling funds in the EU, Asia, Africa requires a deep understanding of the unique regulatory features of each jurisdiction, since the structure of such funds is based on continuous capital raising through quarterly subscriptions and differs from classic investment schemes. Each region has its own registration requirements, transparency and reporting requirements for rolling funds, which directly affect the choice of structure and subsequent legal procedures.

Taking these regional differences into account, we will now consider the specifics of the structure and regulatory requirements for rolling funds in individual countries.

Structure and requirements for rolling funds by country

Launching rolling funds requires a deep understanding of the legal nuances of setting up a fund in the chosen jurisdiction. In the EU and Asia, regulation of private investment funds differs in requirements for structure, minimum LP contributions and public fundraising procedures.

In the COREDO case for registering a rolling fund in Luxembourg, an SLP (Special Limited Partnership) structure was chosen, which made it possible to ensure investment flexibility and compliance with European standards.
  • Delaware LP: the most popular legal structure for rolling funds, used for international investors and public capital raising.
  • Legal advice on fund structures: analysis of requirements for minimum and maximum LP contributions, features of a fund structure with series and exit procedures (exit strategy).
  • Fund administration automation: modern rolling funds use SaaS platforms to manage subscriptions, reporting and compliance.

AML, KYC and compliance for rolling funds

Compliance with AML/KYC and compliance standards is a mandatory condition for scaling rolling funds in Europe and Asia. COREDO’s practice shows that automating due diligence and implementing digital platforms allows not only faster LP onboarding, but also reduces compliance risks when scaling the fund.

  • KYC/AML in private equity: integration with international databases, automation of beneficiary and source-of-funds checks.
  • Due diligence for rolling funds: regular audit of the fund structure, investment strategies and capital management processes.
  • Transparency for LPs/GPs: implementation of dashboards for online monitoring of compliance status and reporting.
In one of COREDO’s projects for a fund in Estonia, integration of a KYC/AML platform with the rolling fund’s internal management system was implemented, allowing the GP to promptly respond to changes in legislation and regulatory requirements.

Taxes and investments through rolling funds

Tax optimization of investments: one of the key factors when choosing a jurisdiction and structure for a rolling fund. In the EU and Asia, the tax consequences of investing through rolling funds depend on the fund’s structure (Delaware LP, SLP, offshore entities), the status of the LP and the specifics of profit distribution.

  • Tax aspects of rolling funds: the possibility of using parallel funds and offshore structures to minimize tax burden is analyzed.
  • TaxTax optimization of investments: application of double taxation avoidance agreements, structuring management fee and performance fee to reduce tax costs.
  • Monitoring changes in legislation: the COREDO team regularly updates procedures in line with new EU and Asian requirements.
In COREDO’s case of supporting a rolling fund in Cyprus, a profit distribution scheme through parallel funds was implemented, allowing LPs to optimize tax burden and increase investment returns.

How to launch a rolling fund for an international company

Illustration for the section «How to launch a rolling fund for an international company» in the article «Private equity rolling funds flexibility of investment structure»

Rolling fund is a modern model of venture investing, where funds are raised from investors through regular subscriptions rather than a single large round. This approach is especially relevant for international companies: it simplifies capital raising, provides flexibility for investors and allows rapid market entry in different jurisdictions. Below we review the key stages of launching a rolling fund for an international company.

Steps to launch a rolling fund

Launching a rolling fund requires a clear sequence of steps, from choosing the legal structure to building a public marketing strategy to attract LPs. In practice COREDO recommends the following algorithm:

  1. Analysis of jurisdiction and fund structure: selecting the optimal form (Delaware LP, SLP, Asian analogues) taking into account business goals and scaling requirements.
  2. Development of a subscription investment model: determining minimum and maximum LP contributions, setting up series of funds and periodic capital calls.
  3. Integration of an automation platform: choosing a SaaS solution (for example, AngelList rolling funds) to manage subscriptions, reporting and compliance.
  4. Public investor attraction: launching a marketing campaign, preparing information materials and organizing online workshops for LPs.
  5. Exit strategy: defining criteria and procedures for LPs and GPs, planning liquidity and portfolio diversification.
In a recent COREDO project to launch a rolling fund in the United Kingdom, special attention was paid to selecting the GP: the key criterion was expertise in managing alternative investments and experience working with institutional investors.

Managing rolling funds: best practices

Managing rolling funds requires implementing flexible procedures and continuous process improvement. Solutions developed at COREDO include:

  • Continuous investor acquisition: regularly updating the LP base through online platforms and public events.
  • Automation of fund administration: reducing application processing time, calculation of management fee and performance fee, integration with banking services.
  • Strategic fund planning: implementing a KPI monitoring system, performance analysis by series and adapting the investment strategy to market conditions.
In COREDO’s case for an Asian rolling fund, implementing an automated platform allowed the GP to increase the speed of capital raising by 40% and reduce administrative costs by 25%.

Rolling funds: technologies and platforms 2024

2024 saw explosive growth in innovations in the rolling funds space. Key trends that the COREDO team integrates into client projects:

  • AngelList rolling funds and similar platforms: automation of subscription, KYC/AML, payments and reporting.
  • Big Data and AI for portfolio monitoring: risk forecasting, performance analysis and automatic anomaly detection.
  • Integration with blockchain services: ensuring transparency and immutability of data on investments and profit distribution.
  • Public marketing strategy for rolling funds: using digital channels to attract LPs, conducting online demos and educational sessions.
COREDO’s implemented solutions enable clients not only to meet the strictest compliance requirements but also to outperform competitors by adopting innovative investment instruments.

Conclusions and recommendations for business

Illustration for the section «Conclusions and recommendations for business» in the article «Private equity rolling funds flexibility of investment structure»

Actionable tips for launching and managing rolling funds:

  • Assess the legal and tax requirements in your jurisdiction (EU, Asia, Africa) before starting the project.
  • Use modern automation platforms (AngelList and similar) for effective administration of rolling funds and attracting LPs.
  • Implement comprehensive AML/KYC and compliance procedures taking into account the requirements of international regulators.
  • Build transparent relationships with LPs/GPs: regularly disclose information, provide access to online series-level reporting.
  • Apply flexible capital and risk management models, using dynamic allocation by series and automated portfolio monitoring.
  • Keep track of innovations and trends in rolling funds, integrate new technologies to increase the fund’s efficiency and competitiveness.
Criterion Rolling Funds Traditional funds
Investment flexibility High (subscription model, series) Low (fixed term)
Liquidity Higher (periodic capital calls) Lower (frozen capital)
Transparency Increased (series-level reporting) Standard
AML/Compliance Requires automation and monitoring Requires comprehensive control
Scalability Easy (platforms, public fundraising) Difficult (long cycle)

COREDO’s recommendations are based on experience supporting dozens of projects for launching and managing rolling funds in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. If you aim for investment flexibility, transparency and strategic portfolio diversification, rolling funds can become a key tool for growing your business in international markets.

In 2025, more than 60% of large companies from Europe, Asia and the CIS are considering creating a cryptocurrency or integrating blockchain solutions into their business processes. According to Messari, in the past 12 months alone the number of corporate crypto projects has grown by 40%, and the amount of investments attracted to the sector has exceeded $30 billion. But why, despite the obvious advantages — from optimizing settlements to access to new capital markets — do less than 10% of these initiatives reach a successful launch of their own cryptocurrency?

The reason lies in the complexity and multilayered nature of the process: from choosing a blockchain platform and building tokenomics to undergoing legal procedures, licensing and implementing AML compliance for the cryptocurrency. Mistakes at any stage can lead to asset freezes, denial of listing or even criminal liability.

How to structure a project to avoid strategic mistakes, register a cryptocurrency in the EU or Asia, comply with regulatory requirements and ensure the security of the blockchain ecosystem? I, Nikita Veremeev, founder of COREDO, share in this article a practical step-by-step guide based on our team’s experience in implementing dozens of international crypto projects.

If you are looking not just for theory, but for concrete solutions and strategic insights, read to the end.
Here you will find not only answers to key questions, but also tools for the successful launch and scaling of your cryptocurrency business.

How to create your own cryptocurrency

Illustration for the section «How to create your own cryptocurrency» in the article «How to create a custom cryptocurrency»

At the core of any crypto project is the choice between two strategies: developing your own coin with a separate blockchain or creating a token on an existing platform such as Ethereum, BNB Chain or Polygon. My experience shows: for most business cases, especially at the start, it is optimal to use tokenization on mature blockchain platforms: this reduces costs, speeds up the launch of your own cryptocurrency and simplifies integration with DeFi protocols and exchanges. However, for projects where customization, privacy or a unique consensus protocol are critical, developing a native blockchain is appropriate.

A crypto project’s roadmap usually includes the following stages:

  • Formulation of the concept and business model (utility token vs security token)
  • Design of tokenomics and technical architecture
  • Selection of the blockchain platform
  • Legal structuring and Licensing
  • Development and audit of smart contracts
  • Integration of AML/KYC procedures
  • Preparation of the whitepaper and roadmap
  • Launching ICO/IEO/STO (if necessary)
  • Token listing on exchanges and scaling
Stage Key tasks Example from COREDO
1. Analysis of goals and market Assessment of business objectives, target audience, risks Case: launch of a utility token for e-commerce in the EU
2. Choosing the type of cryptocurrency Coin or token, choice of standard (ERC-20, BEP-20) Launch of a BEP-20 token for a fintech startup in Singapore
3. Tokenomics development Supply cap, emission schedule, incentive mechanisms Project: implementation of a governance token for a DAO
4. Legal structuring Registration of a legal entity, licensing, tax compliance Registration of a VASP in Estonia
5. Smart contract development Programming, testing, audit Smart contract audit for a DeFi platform
6. AML/KYC integration Implementation of procedures, choice of provider Implementation of KYC for an STO project in the Czech Republic
7. Documentation preparation Whitepaper, roadmap, legal opinion Preparation of the whitepaper for an ICO in Slovakia
8. Launch and listing ICO/IEO/STO, exchange listings, marketing Token listing on European exchanges
COREDO’s experience confirms: the most common strategic mistakes when launching a cryptocurrency are underestimating legal requirements, weak tokenomics and the lack of a comprehensive risk management framework.

Legal support for crypto projects in the EU, Asia and Africa

Illustration for the section «Legal support for crypto projects in the EU, Asia and Africa» in the article «How to create your own cryptocurrency»

A successful launch of your own cryptocurrency is impossible without a deep understanding of regulatory requirements. The EU, Asia and Africa have different approaches to licensing, AML/KYC and token classification. For example, the EU is implementing MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation), which requires mandatory registration and obtaining a VASP license for most crypto projects. In Asia (Singapore, Estonia, Cyprus): different standards apply, but the emphasis is also on transparency and control over the circulation of digital assets.

registration of a legal entity for a crypto project is the first step. The solution developed by COREDO includes:

  • Analysis of target markets and requirements (regulatory requirements of the EU, Asia, Africa)
  • Choosing the optimal jurisdiction (for example, Estonia for VASP, Singapore for STO)
  • Preparing a corporate structure taking into account requirements for beneficiaries and tax residency
  • Assistance with obtaining licenses (VASP, EMI, payment, investment)
Our experience at COREDO has shown that proper legal entity structuring not only reduces regulatory risks but also facilitates access to banking and investment services.

AML and KYC for cryptocurrencies: requirements

AML compliance for a cryptocurrency is not just a formality, but a key element of trust and legitimization of the business.

Implementing AML/KYC procedures includes:

  • Developing and approving an AML/KYC policy in accordance with FATF, MiCA, 5AMLD, MAS and local standards
  • Selecting a KYC/AML provider (for example, Sumsub, Onfido)
  • Integrating procedures into the user journey (onboarding, transaction monitoring)
  • Staff training and regular audits
The COREDO team implemented comprehensive AML solutions for projects in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Singapore, which allowed clients to avoid fines, speed up registration and increase partner trust.
Risks of non-compliance include account freezing, license revocation, criminal liability and the inability to list the token.

Legal risks when launching a cryptocurrency

The key task is the correct classification of tokens: utility token, security token, governance token, stablecoin. This determines the requirements for licensing, disclosure and taxation (tax compliance for cryptocurrencies).

An example from COREDO’s practice: one of the clients, not having obtained a legal opinion on the token classification, faced an investigation by the regulator and was forced to suspend the project for 8 months.

Main legal risks:

  • Violation of securities laws (security token)
  • Non-compliance with AML/KYC requirements
  • Errors in disclosure (whitepaper, marketing)
  • Incorrect legal entity structure
Penalties may include fines, criminal prosecution, and bans on operating in certain jurisdictions.

Choosing a blockchain platform for a cryptocurrency

Illustration for the section «Choosing a blockchain platform for a cryptocurrency» in the article «How to create your own cryptocurrency»

Choosing a blockchain platform is a strategic decision that affects scalability, fees, integration with DeFi and dApps, as well as customization options. At COREDO we analyze the client’s requirements to select the optimal solution:

Platform Network type Fees Smart contract language Scalability DeFi support
Ethereum Public Medium Solidity, Vyper Medium High
BNB Chain Public Low Solidity High High
Polygon Public Low Solidity High Medium
Custom Private/Public Any Any Any As needed

Creating a coin on Ethereum or a BEP-20 token is a quick route to market, but if the project requires unique features (for example, a privacy coin, a custom consensus algorithm, custom governance), development of a bespoke blockchain is necessary.

A detailed assessment of each platform’s characteristics allows selecting not only the network but also a suitable consensus mechanism, a key stage in the architecture of any blockchain project.

Choosing a consensus protocol: PoW, PoS, DPoS

The consensus protocol determines the network’s security, speed, and resilience. At COREDO we recommend choosing a protocol based on the business requirements:

Protocol Energy consumption Security Speed Applications
PoW High High Medium Classic coins
PoS Low High High Modern networks
DPoS Low Medium Very high Corporate networks

The choice of consensus algorithm affects the blockchain’s technical parameters, transaction costs, scalability options, and the network’s security.

Smart contract auditing and development

A smart contract is the core of any token or decentralized application.

Key stages:

  • Design and programming (Solidity, Rust, Vyper)
  • Multi-level testing (unit, integration, fuzzing)
  • Independent smart contract audit (manual review, automated tools: MythX, CertiK)
  • Running a bug bounty program to discover vulnerabilities
Implementing a bug bounty and regular smart contract audits is a prerequisite for successful listing and integration with DeFi protocols.

Wallet integration with DeFi protocols

For corporate cryptocurrencies, support for various wallet types is critical: custodial/non-custodial wallets, multisig wallets, integration with dApps and DeFi. Implementing cross-chain integrations expands the ability to interact with other blockchain ecosystems and exchanges.

In one COREDO case for a fintech client, we implemented integration of multisig wallets with DeFi protocols, which enhanced the security of fund storage and simplified liquidity management.

Tokenomics: launch and listing step by step

Illustration for the section «Tokenomics: launch and listing step by step» in the article «How to create your own cryptocurrency»

Tokenomics is not only the supply cap and emission schedule, but also a well-thought-out system for motivating users, investors, and partners.

It is important to determine:

  • Total emission volume (supply cap)
  • Issuance schedule (emission schedule)
  • Token burning mechanisms (token burning)
  • Distribution and incentive models (staking, governance, utility)

The cryptocurrency’s whitepaper should contain a detailed description of the tokenomics, technical parameters, the project’s roadmap, legal structure, and risk management framework.

Launching an ICO/IEO/STO and listing a token on exchanges require:

  • Preparation of a legal opinion
  • Undergoing a security audit
  • Working with a crypto launchpad
  • Compliance with AML/KYC requirements

Assessing the ROI of a cryptocurrency project

The cost of creating a cryptocurrency depends on the chosen platform, the complexity of smart contracts, the scope of audits and legal support. At COREDO, we analyze the budget across the following items:

  • Development and audit (30–50% of the budget)
  • Legal support and licensing (20–30%)
  • Marketing and listing (20–30%)
  • AML/KYC integration (10–15%)

ROI assessment of a cryptocurrency project includes analysis of potential demand, user acquisition costs, fees, and revenues from operations in the blockchain ecosystem.

Thus, sound budget planning and performance analysis lay the foundation for sustainable project development and allow moving on to considering key risks and blockchain scaling challenges.

Risks and blockchain scaling

A risk management framework for a cryptocurrency is not only AML/KYC, but also:

  • Development of incident response procedures
  • Regular security audits and network testing
  • Implementation of off-chain/on-chain governance

Scaling a blockchain network requires optimizing fees, transaction speed, and implementing layer-2 solutions. In one of COREDO’s projects for an e-commerce client, we integrated with Polygon, which reduced fees and increased the network’s throughput fivefold.

How to minimize risks and launch a business faster

Illustration for the section «How to minimize risks and launch a business faster» in the article «How to create your own cryptocurrency»

Minimizing risks and launching a business faster is the task of every budding entrepreneur. Sound planning and assessment of key risks help avoid mistakes at the start and accelerate bringing the product to market, preserving resources for development. Below is a checklist that will help prepare the business for a successful launch.

Checklist for entrepreneurs

  • Assess business goals and choose the type of cryptocurrency (coin/token)
  • Analyze regulatory requirements in target jurisdictions
  • Register a legal entity and obtain necessary licenses
  • Develop the whitepaper and tokenomics
  • Choose a blockchain platform and a consensus protocol
  • Conduct a smart contract audit and network testing
  • Integrate AML/KYC procedures
  • Prepare a listing and promotion strategy

How to choose a legal or IT provider

COREDO’s practice confirms: the success of a crypto project directly depends on the quality of partners, from legal consultants to blockchain solution developers and AML/KYC providers. It is important to choose teams with proven expertise, a transparent track record, and experience working in the target jurisdictions.

Common SEO mistakes and their solutions

  • Underestimating legal and tax requirements
  • Lack of independent smart contract audit
  • Weak tokenomics and an opaque roadmap
  • Ignoring AML/KYC requirements
  • Mistakes in choosing a blockchain platform and consensus protocol
In one of COREDO’s cases for a client from the EU, a critical vulnerability in a smart contract was detected at the pre-launch stage, which made it possible to avoid loss of funds and reputational risks.

Key takeaways and recommended actions

  • Legal support for cryptocurrency projects is the foundation of a successful launch. Don’t skimp on licensing and legal entity structuring.
  • Integration of AML compliance for the cryptocurrency and regular security audits are essential elements of trust and legalization.
  • The choice of blockchain platform and consensus protocol should be based on business goals, not on trends.
  • Development and auditing of smart contracts is an area of maximum attention: mistakes here are the most costly.
  • A scaling strategy and a risk management framework should be established from the earliest stages of the project.

COREDO’s experience proves that a comprehensive approach, process transparency, and a focus on long-term partnership are key success factors in the world of corporate cryptocurrencies. If you plan to create a cryptocurrency for your business, start by analyzing goals and risks, choose reliable partners, and build the project in line with best international practices.

In international trade, trade tariffs are not just duties on importing or exporting goods. They are a complex system of instruments, including:

  • Ad valorem and specific duties (a percentage of value or a fixed rate per unit of goods),
  • Seasonal tariffs,
  • Tariff quotas,
  • Antidumping measures,
  • Tariff escalation (higher rates on higher value-added products).
Each of these instruments affects cost structure, margins, and the investment attractiveness of a business.
For example, when working with the EU at COREDO we repeatedly encountered situations where changes in EU trade policy required revising contractual terms and optimizing logistics, up to choosing alternative supply routes and re-exporting through free economic zones (FEZ).

In Asia, tariff policy is highly variable: some countries pursue liberalization, while others have strict import duties and non-tariff barriers.

COREDO’s experience in company registration in Singapore and Hong Kong shows that the right choice of jurisdiction allows significantly reducing tariff costs and taking advantage of tariff preferences under bilateral trade agreements.

The impact of trade barriers on business

Trade barriers today are not only tariffs but also non-tariff restrictions: Licensing, technical regulations, quotas, currency controls, as well as EU and US sanctions regimes.

The consequences for business can be dramatic: from payment blocks and asset freezes to loss of access to key markets.
The COREDO team implemented projects where sanctions screening of counterparties and the implementation of automated compliance procedures enabled a client to avoid fines and preserve their reputation in the international market.

Such measures are especially relevant for companies working with high-risk markets or in sectors subject to export controls (for example, technology, finance, energy).

Sanctions often lead to the need for urgent restructuring of supply chains, diversification of export and import channels, and the implementation of Due Diligence to assess tariff and sanctions risks at the deal-closing stage.

Tariffs of the EU, Asia and Africa: comparison

Let’s consider the key differences in tariff policy and their impact on company registration and market entry strategy:
Region Main tariff barriers Regulatory features impact on business
EU Customs duties, sanctions, anti-dumping measures Strict compliance and AML, transparent registries High protection, but complex reporting
Asia Variable tariffs, non-tariff barriers Differences between countries, emphasis on localization Opportunities for optimization, but risks of currency volatility
Africa Import duties, quotas, currency controls Fast registration, but complex tax regimes Growth prospects, but high regulatory risks
COREDO’s practice confirms: when registering legal entities in Asia and Africa it is necessary to consider not only tariff levels, but also the specifics of currency controls, requirements for corporate structuring, and the availability of tariff preferences.

In the EU, special attention is paid to legal support of business and compliance with compliance standards, which is critical for access to European payment systems and the stock market.

Tariffs for business: risks and impact

Illustration for the section «Tariffs for business: risks and impact» in the article «The impact of tariffs on trade: how to reduce risks»

Tariffs for business are not just regulated rates, but a significant factor that shapes risks and directly affects companies’ competitiveness.

Their changes can create both financial costs and market uncertainty, which is especially important to consider in strategic planning.

Tariff implications for business

Tariff risks for business manifest in reduced margins, increased operating costs and the need to revise business models.

  • Assessment of ROI when tariff rates change,
  • Analysis of business sensitivity to tariff changes,
  • Scenario modeling for strategic planning.

At COREDO we use a comprehensive analysis of tariff consequences for companies, including:

  • Assessment of ROI when tariff rates change,
  • Analysis of business sensitivity to tariff changes,
  • Scenario modeling for strategic planning.
For example, when working with exporters in the EU the COREDO team developed methods to minimize tariff costs by optimizing holding structures, using FEZs and implementing hybrid financial instruments to hedge currency and tariff risks.

Currency risks and logistics with new tariffs

Currency volatility and rising tariff rates often lead to the need to revise logistics schemes.

COREDO’s experience has shown that multichannel logistics and currency hedging can significantly reduce the impact of tariffs on logistics and ensure the resilience of supply chains.

For international companies, critical are:

  • Managing currency flows,
  • Optimization of foreign trade expenses,
  • Using alternative supply routes when tariff policy changes.
In several cases COREDO’s automation of tariff change monitoring and integration of ERP systems with customs services allowed clients to respond promptly to regulatory shifts and minimize logistics risks.

Consequences of tariff wars for business

Tariff wars between major economies lead to market volatility, increased inflationary risks, and reduced investment attractiveness of several industries.

COREDO analytics shows that in 2025 the greatest vulnerability to new tariffs will remain with:

  • The automotive industry,
  • Electronics,
  • The agricultural sector,
  • Financial and payment services.

Scenario planning and stress-testing of trade models are becoming mandatory tools for companies focused on long-term development amid unstable trade policy.

Reducing risks in international trade

Illustration for the section «Reducing risks in international trade» in the article «The impact of tariffs on trade: how to reduce risks»

Reducing risks in international trade requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the specifics of foreign economic transactions and potential threats at every stage of working with foreign partners.

Rational management of these risks begins with optimizing tariff and foreign trade expenses, which not only increases business resilience but also reduces the likelihood of financial losses.

Practical methods for minimizing tariff costs include:

Optimization of tariff and foreign trade expenses

  • Using tariff preferences under trade agreements,
  • Trade diversification: entering new markets with lower tariffs,
  • Optimizing supply chains and choosing alternative routes,
  • Using re-export through jurisdictions with preferential regimes.
At COREDO we have repeatedly helped clients choose optimal export and import schemes, taking into account not only trade tariffs but also non-tariff barriers, currency and tax risks.

Understanding tariff and non-tariff barriers plays a key role in the efficiency of international trade, and it is equally important to consider compliance, AML and due diligence issues: we will examine their differences in detail in the next section.

Compliance, AML and due diligence: what’s the difference?

Compliance and AML for companies are becoming an integral part of managing trade risks. The solution developed at COREDO includes:
  • Implementing compliance procedures when working with tariffs and sanctions,
  • Conducting due diligence in international trade,
  • Sanctions screening of counterparties and automation of compliance processes.
These measures not only reduce sanction-related and tariff risks, but also ensure legal protection of the business when operating under tightening regulatory requirements.

Managing tariff risks: automation and digitalization

Modern digital tools allow automating the monitoring of tariff and sanction changes, integrating ERP systems with customs and payment services, as well as performing trade analytics and forecasting tariff trends.

In one of COREDO’s cases, automating the monitoring of tariff changes allowed the client to reduce reaction time to new regulatory requirements from several weeks to one or two days, which is critical for maintaining competitiveness in rapidly changing markets.

Company registration in the EU, Asia and Africa: tariffs and laws

Illustration for the section «Company registration in the EU, Asia and Africa: tariffs and laws» in the article «The impact of tariffs on trade: how to reduce risks»

company registration in the EU, Asia and Africa is not just a formal procedure but a strategic step that determines the conditions for doing business, its taxation and legal protection.

Registering a business in different countries

company registration in the EU, Asia and Africa requires a deep understanding of local regulatory nuances, including:

  • Requirements for foreigners and ownership structure,
  • Licensing of certain types of activities (banking, crypto, payment, forex services),
  • Features of corporate structuring and beneficiary control (UBO).
COREDO’s practice shows: in the EU transparency of company registers, compliance with AML standards and the presence of a compliance officer are crucial. In Asia: speed of registration, flexibility of tax regimes and the possibility of using SEZs to optimize tariff and tax costs.

How to choose a jurisdiction for business and taxes

The choice of jurisdiction for company registration should take into account:

  • The size and structure of tariff barriers,
  • Tax planning and transfer pricing,
  • Availability of tariff preferences and trade agreements.
The COREDO team has implemented projects where strategic planning during tariff changes and analysis of tariff consequences for companies allowed clients to significantly reduce total costs and increase the investment attractiveness of the business.

Legal support and compliance for business

Legal business support: it is not only company registration but also ongoing financial monitoring, beneficiary control, implementation of compliance procedures and protection of interests in international arbitration disputes over tariffs.
Our experience at COREDO confirms: only a comprehensive approach to legal security and compliance allows minimizing risks related to changes in tariff policy, sanctions and regulatory shifts.

That is why it is important to develop effective mechanisms in advance to reduce the impact of tariff changes on a company’s operations.

How to reduce the impact of tariffs on business

Illustration for the section «How to reduce the impact of tariffs on business» in the article «The impact of tariffs on trade: how to reduce risks»

The impact of tariffs on business can manifest through rising cost of goods sold, reduced competitiveness and the need to revise development strategies.

To ensure resilience under changing tariff policy, companies need to understand the main risks and know how to minimize them. Below we will consider specific smethods that will help reduce the impact of tariffs on business and manage tariff risks.

How to minimize tariff risks?

  1. Conduct due diligence to assess tariff and sanction risks for all key counterparties and supply routes.
  2. Implement automation for monitoring changes in tariffs and sanctions using digital tools and ERP system integration.
  3. Use free economic zones and tariff preferences to optimize the structure of foreign trade operations.
  4. Develop scenario planning and stress-testing of business models taking into account possible escalation of tariff wars.
  5. Ensure legal support and compliance control at all stages: from company registration to making cross-border payments.

Metrics and KPIs for assessing effectiveness

To assess the effectiveness of measures to reduce tariff risks, we recommend using:

  • Trade balance (export/import),
  • ROI when tariff rates change,
  • Share of tariff and logistics costs in the cost structure,
  • Response time to changes in tariff policy,
  • Compliance metrics: number of identified risks, speed of their elimination, level of process automation.
Analysis of business sensitivity to tariff changes and regular financial monitoring allow timely adjustment of strategy and maintain resilience in the face of foreign trade shocks.

Legal and consulting partners

Best practices for interacting with legal advisors on tariff barriers include:

  • Transparency of communications and regular updates on regulatory changes,
  • Joint development of a corporate strategy for managing tariff and currency risks,
  • Integration of corporate responsibility and ESG factors into the global trade strategy.
COREDO acts as a long-term partner for clients, providing not only legal security but also strategic support in the context of changing trade policy.

Recommendations for entrepreneurs

Illustration for the section «Recommendations for Entrepreneurs» in the article «The Impact of Tariffs on Trade: How to Reduce Risks»

The impact of tariffs on trade and business requires a systemic approach: from strategic planning and optimization of foreign trade expenses to implementing compliance and AML for companies and continuous legal support for the business.

A global trade strategy should take into account corporate responsibility, ESG factors, and new requirements for transparency and sustainability.

COREDO’s practice proves: only the integration of legal, financial, and operational instruments makes it possible to minimize tariff-related risks and ensure the long-term competitiveness of the business in the international arena.

In 2025, according to estimates by the European Commission, the average tax burden on businesses across the EU will remain at 21–23%. However, the difference between countries exceeds a threefold gap. While some jurisdictions are tightening control and introducing new requirements for substance and tax transparency, others continue to offer attractive conditions for international companies and investors. According to KPMG and PwC, more than 60% of entrepreneurs planning international expansion are considering registering their business in European countries with low taxes — and this trend is only growing stronger.

Why is the question of choosing a jurisdiction with minimal taxes for business so urgent? The answer is obvious: in 2025, tax rates directly affect profitability, investment attractiveness, and corporate sustainability.
A mistake when choosing the country of registration can lead to excessive tax burden, compliance issues (AML/KYC), and sometimes: account freezes and reputational risks.

Today, I want to share a practical guide based on the experience of COREDO, which will help entrepreneurs and executives choose the optimal jurisdiction, minimize tax risks, and implement an international tax planning strategy. If you are looking not just for a list of low-tax countries, but for an in-depth analysis that considers the nuances of substance, compliance, and long-term consequences for business — I recommend reading this article to the end.

Countries with low taxes for business

Illustration for the section «Countries with low taxes for business» in the article «Five European countries with the lowest taxes in 2025»

COREDO’s experience confirms: registering a business in the EU with low taxes provides not only direct savings but also strategic advantages for scaling and entering new markets. Key benefits include:

  • Tax optimization in Europe: Reducing the effective tax rate allows companies to reinvest more funds into growth, R&D, and marketing.
  • Tax advantages for entrepreneurs: In a number of countries, tax holidays, investor benefits, and incentives for startups and IT companies are available, significantly lowering entry barriers.
  • Flexible tax regimes for foreign companies: Many jurisdictions offer special statuses for tax residents and non-residents, allowing optimization of international capital flows.
  • Access to investment programs: Some low-tax European countries offer investment programs for entrepreneurs, simplifying the process of obtaining residence permits and citizenship.
  • Tax incentives for startups: COREDO’s program for supporting technology companies has shown that preferential regimes allow businesses to scale quickly without excessive tax burdens.

Thus, registering a business in low-tax countries is not only a matter of direct savings but also of effective company positioning in the global market. Next, let’s look at the requirements for substance, AML compliance, and tax transparency.

Substance requirements, AML, and tax transparency

Illustration for the section «Substance requirements, AML and tax transparency» in the article «Five European countries with the lowest taxes in 2025»

However, the choice of jurisdiction with minimal taxes for business is always linked to a number of challenges. International standards (OECD, FATF, EU) are tightening requirements for substance — the real economic presence of a company in its country of registration. Insufficient compliance with these requirements may lead to the loss of tax benefits, additional assessments, and even removal of the company from the register.

Key risks include:
  • Substance requirements: The need for offices, employees, and management decisions within the country. COREDO’s practice shows that many clients underestimate these requirements, leading to tax disputes.
  • Compliance (AML/KYC): Stricter monitoring of beneficiaries, automatic tax information exchange (CRS), and mandatory transparent ownership structures.
  • Tax transparency: Low-tax countries are increasingly integrating into the European system of automatic data exchange, which requires impeccable compliance and reporting.
  • Tax risks and minimization: It is not enough to simply register a company; it is important to build a structure resilient to tax audits and inspections.

Solutions developed by COREDO allow not only the selection of an optimal jurisdiction but also ensuring compliance with all current substance and compliance requirements, minimizing long-term risks.

Therefore, when choosing a country for business registration, it is important not only to consider tax rates but also to analyze in advance the current conditions for meeting substance and compliance requirements.

Next, let’s review which European countries offer the most favorable tax regimes for businesses in 2025.

European countries with low taxes for business 2025

Illustration for the section «European countries with low taxes for business 2025» in the article «Five European countries with the lowest taxes in 2025»

Based on an analysis of legislation, practical application of tax regimes, and client feedback, the COREDO team highlights five European countries with the lowest business taxes in 2025. For each, we will review corporate taxation features, substance requirements, compliance rules, and additional incentives.

Corporate income tax in Bulgaria for companies

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Bulgaria consistently ranks among the top European countries with minimal corporate tax. The corporate income tax rate for companies is 10%, with additional incentives for small enterprises. Key features:

  • Simple company registration in the EU with minimal taxation: the process takes 1–2 weeks, with a symbolic minimum share capital.
  • Tax treaties and double taxation agreements in the EU: more than 70 agreements, including with Asian and CIS countries, helping to avoid double taxation.
  • Tax incentives in Europe: special regimes and reduced social contribution rates for IT companies and startups.
  • Substance requirements: moderate, sufficient to have an office and a local director.
  • Compliance: EU standard, automatic information exchange, transparent reporting.

COREDO’s practice has shown that Bulgaria is an optimal choice for companies targeting the EU and CIS markets, where simplicity of doing business and predictable taxation are priorities.

Minimum corporate tax in Hungary — 9%

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Hungary offers the lowest corporate tax rate in the EU — 9%. This is a flat tax applied to all types of business activity. Key features:

  • Tax incentives for startups: innovation support programs, grants, and accelerated licensing procedures.
  • Benefits for IT companies: reduced rates on intellectual property and accelerated depreciation.
  • Corporate tax for foreign investors: no separate registration required for non-residents, remote submission of documents is possible.
  • Substance requirements: moderate, but since 2024 there has been increased focus on real presence.
  • Compliance: EU standard, with a high level of automated reporting.

The COREDO team has implemented several projects for technology companies where the Hungarian jurisdiction made it possible to reduce the tax burden and simplify compliance procedures.

Business taxes in Montenegro — 9%

Montenegro, while not an EU member, maintains one of the most flexible tax systems in Europe. The corporate tax rate ranges from 9% to 15%, depending on profit levels. Key features:

  • Benefits for expats and investment programs for entrepreneurs: simplified residence permits and tax holidays for new companies.
  • Tax incentives for attracting capital: special regimes for startups, minimal substance requirements.
  • Substance requirements: low — a legal address and a nominee director are sufficient.
  • Compliance: moderate, although from 2025 stricter monitoring of beneficiaries is planned.

A COREDO case study for a fintech startup showed that registering a business in Montenegro enables rapid entry into the European market with minimal compliance and maintenance costs.

Corporate tax in Andorra 2025: 10%

Andorra is a unique jurisdiction with one of the lowest effective rates for holding structures in Europe. Key features:

  • Corporate tax 10%, for holdings as low as 2% — provided substance requirements are met.
  • Tax regimes for holding structures: attractive to international investors, with minimal dividend taxation.
  • Tax privileges for investors: opportunity to obtain residency permits, benefits for new companies.
  • Substance requirements: high — a full-fledged office, employees, and managerial control are necessary.
  • Compliance: strict, especially for financial and investment companies.

A solution developed by COREDO for an international group reduced the effective tax rate to 2% while fully meeting substance and transparency requirements.

Tax benefits for business in Malta

Malta is a leader in the number of double taxation treaties and has a unique tax refund system. Key features:

  • Nominal corporate tax rate — 35%, but effective rate 5–10% thanks to the refund system for foreign shareholders.
  • Regimes for holding structures: exemption from tax on dividends and capital gains under certain conditions.
  • Business tax benefits: startup support programs and tax holidays for new companies.
  • Substance requirements: high — a real office, local director, and employees are required.
  • Compliance: EU standard, transparent reporting, and regular audits.

COREDO’s practice confirms that for international holding structures and companies working with intellectual property, Malta remains one of the most advantageous and predictable jurisdictions.

Comparative table of tax rates and business conditions in 2025

Country Corporate Tax Personal Income Tax VAT Business Features Substance Requirements AML/Compliance
Bulgaria 10% 10% 20% Simple registration, investor benefits Moderate EU standard
Hungary 9% 15% 27% Startup incentives, flat tax Moderate EU standard
Montenegro 9% 9–15% 21% Expat benefits, investment programs Low Moderate
Andorra 10% (2%) 10% 4.5% Minimal burden, residency status High Strict
Malta 35% (effective 5–10%) 0–35% 18% Tax refund system, holdings High EU standard

Tax benefits for businesses in low-tax countries

Tax incentives for IT companies, startups, and investors

In 2025, tax incentives for startups and IT companies are becoming a key factor when choosing a jurisdiction for registering a low-tax business in the EU. For example, Hungary offers a flat corporate tax program, and innovative companies can access grants and subsidies. In Malta and Bulgaria, tax holidays and reduced rates for new enterprises help minimize the tax burden on small and medium-sized businesses.

COREDO’s practice shows that for technology companies, tax incentives for IT firms, accelerated depreciation opportunities, and exemptions from capital gains tax are particularly important. In Montenegro and Andorra, investment programs for entrepreneurs and favorable tax conditions for expats make these countries attractive to international investors.

Specifics of dividend and profit taxation for foreign owners

The effective tax rate for international companies depends not only on corporate tax but also on the taxation of dividends. In Andorra and Malta, dividend tax for foreign shareholders can be reduced to 0–5%, provided substance requirements are met and double taxation treaties are in place. In Bulgaria and Hungary, the rate on dividends for non-residents is 5–10%, while in Montenegro it is 9%.

The COREDO team recommends that when structuring holding companies in the EU, one should consider not only nominal rates but also the tax implications for international investments, as well as the availability of double taxation treaties.

Business registration and tax residency in the EU

Substance requirements and economic presence

In 2025, substance requirements are becoming increasingly strict. To obtain tax benefits and resident status in the EU, it is important to ensure real economic presence: an office, employees, and managerial decisions made within the country. Failure to meet these conditions may result in the loss of tax advantages and additional assessments.

COREDO’s experience shows that when registering a company in the EU with minimal taxation, special attention should be paid to:
  • Documentary proof of substance: office lease agreements, employment contracts, and local managerial control.
  • Compliance (AML/KYC): a transparent ownership structure, disclosure of beneficiaries, and regular reporting.
  • Tax transparency: readiness for automatic exchange of tax information (CRS).

Company registration procedure, account opening, and compliance

Company registration in Europe for tax optimization purposes requires strict adherence to procedures:

  • Preparation of documents: charter, information on directors and shareholders, address confirmation.
  • Application submission to the register: in most countries this is done online; registration takes 3 to 10 business days.
  • Opening a bank account: substance confirmation is required, sometimes the director’s personal presence.
  • Support and compliance: costs for support and compliance in low-tax countries are usually lower than in “expensive” jurisdictions. At the same time, it is important to consider expenses for audits and tax reporting in the EU.

COREDO’s projects in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Malta show that well-structured corporate frameworks in the EU allow minimizing tax risks and ensuring long-term business sustainability.

Tax risks and trends for business in Europe 2025

How tax regimes and rates are changing in Europe: should we expect tightening?

In 2025, EU tax reforms are aimed at increasing transparency, combating tax evasion, and harmonizing tax infrastructure. Expected developments include:

  • Stricter substance requirements: more countries are introducing mandatory real offices and employees.
  • Increased tax burden on small and medium-sized businesses: in some countries, higher social contributions and a minimum corporate tax are under discussion.
  • Tougher compliance: stronger monitoring of beneficiaries, automatic tax information exchange (CRS), regular inspections, and audits.

COREDO’s recommendation: when choosing a jurisdiction, focus not only on current rates but also on expected legislative changes to avoid unforeseen costs and risks in the future.

Long-term risks of choosing a low-tax jurisdiction

Choosing a country with minimal corporate tax for an international company always involves certain long-term risks:

  • Risk of tax rate changes: in 2025, several countries have already announced reviews of preferential regimes.
  • Stricter control over substance and compliance: insufficient adherence to requirements may lead to loss of tax residency and additional assessments.
  • Reputational risks: using “aggressive” schemes may negatively affect access to banking services and investments.

COREDO’s solutions help minimize these risks through a comprehensive approach: thorough legislative analysis, building transparent structures, and continuous monitoring of changes.

Practical recommendations for business

Practical steps for choosing a low-tax country for business

Based on COREDO’s many years of experience in international tax planning, the following algorithm is recommended:

  • Define your strategic business goals: scale, industry, client geography.
  • Compare effective tax rates and incentives: do not limit yourself to nominal rates; consider dividend tax, double taxation treaties, and tax holidays.
  • Assess substance and compliance requirements: check if you can ensure real presence and transparent ownership structure.
  • Calculate ROI and support costs: include expenses for registration, audits, compliance, and account maintenance.
  • Check tax risks and long-term trends: study planned tax reforms in the chosen country.
  • Prepare the registration document package: charter, beneficiary details, address confirmation, business plan.
  • Consult COREDO experts: this will help avoid mistakes at the registration stage and build a sustainable corporate structure in the EU.

COREDO’s practice confirms: only a comprehensive approach to choosing a jurisdiction — considering all aspects, from tax rates to compliance and substance requirements — ensures not only a minimal tax burden but also long-term business sustainability and transparency.

Choosing a low-tax country in Europe in 2025 is not just about finding the lowest rate, but a strategic decision that affects competitiveness, investment attractiveness, and corporate resilience. The COREDO team is ready to be your reliable partner at every stage of this journey, offering solutions based on deep market knowledge, international standards, and real case studies.

In 2025, according to the Edelman Trust Barometer, the level of trust in companies became a key factor for partners, investors and regulators.

More than 70% of corporate clients in Europe and Asia state that when choosing a supplier or partner their decision directly depends on the supplier’s or partner’s business reputation and the transparency of business processes.
At COREDO we regularly encounter situations when even minimal reputational risks – for example, negative reviews on digital platforms or the absence of a reputational audit – become a reason for refusal to open accounts in leading banks in the EU or Asia, or significantly complicate the process of obtaining financial licenses.
Assessing business reputation: it is not only an analysis of public data, but also an in-depth Due Diligence, including monitoring digital reputation, checking corporate history, analyzing beneficial owners’ connections and even tracking mentions in social networks and the media.
COREDO’s experience shows that implementing regular business reputation monitoring and review management not only minimizes crisis PR risks but also increases a company’s investment appeal when entering new markets.

Business regulation in the EU, Asia and Africa: current trends

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EU regulatory requirements for starting a business are becoming increasingly complex: transparency of ownership structure, disclosure of beneficial owners, mandatory implementation of compliance procedures according to FATF standards and regular audits of corporate reporting.

In Asia there is a trend toward digitizing compliance and a focus on local KYC specifics; for example, in Singapore it is mandatory to have a resident director and to undergo multi-level identity verification through digital platforms.
In Africa the emphasis is shifting toward anti-corruption legislation and the integration of international transparency standards.

The COREDO team has implemented projects for company registration and obtaining financial licenses in the EU, the United Kingdom, Singapore and Dubai, where requirements for corporate compliance and anti-corruption practices are particularly high.

Our experience shows: successful regulatory arbitration is only possible with a deep understanding of the specifics of the regulatory environment and flexible adaptation of corporate procedures to the requirements of a specific jurisdiction.

Registration of legal entities and compliance: how to meet the requirements

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AML/KYC procedures when starting a business: how to avoid mistakes

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Anti-money laundering (AML) legislation and the implementation of KYC procedures have become mandatory elements when registering a business abroad.

In the EU and Singapore failure to meet these requirements leads not only to refusal of licensing but also to account freezes, fines and even criminal liability.

The solution developed at COREDO includes automation of compliance processes, integration of digital solutions for client identification and selection of trusted providers of AML services that meet FATF and ISO 37301 standards.

In one of COREDO’s cases for a fintech company entering the Czech market, KYC automation reduced registration time by 30% and decreased costs for manual document checks, while simultaneously increasing transparency and trust from partner banks.

Business transparency and disclosure of beneficial owners: requirements and consequences

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In 2025 business transparency is not just a trend but a mandatory condition for gaining access to financial services and investments.

Beneficial ownership registers operating in the EU, the UK and a number of Asian countries require disclosure of ultimate owners and transparency of ownership structure.

Failure to comply with these requirements leads to refusal of registration, asset freezes and reputational losses.
COREDO’s practice shows: integrating OSINT methods and auditing the supply chain not only helps identify hidden risks but also shapes a sustainable brand image in international markets.

In one project for a client from Estonia, the implementation of digital platforms for monitoring beneficiaries ensured ownership transparency and increased the company’s corporate rating.

Risks when registering a business: how to minimize them

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Strategic risk management when registering a business abroad begins with partner checks and due diligence of potential counterparties.

The COREDO team uses automated partner verification mechanisms, integration of data from open sources and corporate investigations to identify conflicts of interest and minimize cross-jurisdictional risks.

One typical case: when registering a company in Dubai, a client faced risks related to insufficient transparency of a partner’s ownership structure.

The conducted reputational audit and automation of counterparty checks revealed hidden links to offshore jurisdictions and helped avoid potential sanction risks.

Moving on to vopFor corporate governance and ensuring long-term sustainability, the key becomes building effective internal processes and a transparent decision-making structure in the company.

Corporate governance and business resilience

ESG factors and corporate responsibility: new standards of trust

The integration of ESG factors (Environmental, Social, Governance) is becoming a standard for companies seeking long-term investor trust and sustainable business development.

In 2025, more than 60% of funds and banks in Europe and Asia assess corporate responsibility and the implementation of ESG standards as key criteria when making investment decisions.

COREDO’s experience shows that implementing corporate ethics, reporting transparency, and building a sustainable brand image directly affect corporate ratings and the company’s value when entering foreign markets.

In one case for a UK client, the integration of ESG factors increased the company’s attractiveness for strategic alliances and provided access to preferential financing.

Corporate culture and internal audit: tools to prevent reputational losses

Corporate culture and internal control: the foundation of business resilience and the prevention of reputational losses.

At COREDO we implement internal audit systems compliant with international standards (for example, ISO 37301), which allows not only detecting and addressing violations at an early stage, but also shaping a corporate culture of responsibility and transparency.

In one project supporting an international group of companies in Slovakia, the introduction of regular internal audits and employee training in corporate ethics reduced the number of incidents related to conflicts of interest and improved the company’s market rating.

International law for business by region

How to choose a jurisdiction to register a company considering reputational and regulatory factors

choice of jurisdiction – a strategic stage that determines reputational and regulatory risks, as well as a business’s investment attractiveness.

The solution developed by COREDO includes a comprehensive assessment of the regulatory environment, analysis of sanction risks, ownership transparency, and corporate compliance requirements.

For example, when entering the EU market it is important to consider not only regulatory requirements for disclosing beneficiaries and reporting transparency, but also the influence of public opinion, digital reputation, and corporate ratings on business scaling opportunities.

In Asia, the focus shifts to KYC flexibility, integration of digital solutions and partner due diligence, in Africa, to anti-corruption measures and strategic planning for entering new markets.
Region Key regulatory requirements Main reputational risks Compliance and AML features
Europe Ownership transparency, beneficiary disclosure, strict AML/KYC Sanctions risks, ESG requirements, public registers High standards, regular audits, process automation
Asia Local KYC specifics, flexibility in disclosure, emphasis on digital solutions Reputation when working with offshore jurisdictions, difficulty opening accounts Implementation of digital identification, FATF requirements
Africa Diversity of regulatory regimes, emphasis on anti-corruption measures Risks of partner due diligence, lack of transparency Growth in adoption of international standards, cases of ESG integration

Cases and mistakes: consequences of non-compliance with regulatory requirements

Failure to comply with regulatory requirements leads to account freezes, fines, restricted access to financial services, and long-term reputational losses.

In one COREDO case for a company entering the Cyprus market, the lack of timely disclosure of beneficiaries led to the freezing of assets totaling over EUR 2 million and required crisis PR and business reputation restoration.
COREDO’s practice shows that errors in assessing reputational risks are most often associated with underestimating the impact of digital reputation, insufficient automation of compliance processes, and the absence of a systemic approach to internal control and audit.

Further digitization of compliance is becoming a key element in increasing business resilience to reputational and regulatory challenges.

Digital transformation of compliance and reputation

Technologies for monitoring and managing reputation: tools and metrics

Modern digital platforms for reputation monitoring allow real-time tracking of company mentions, analyzing digital traces, managing reviews, and conducting reputation audits.

At COREDO we integrate solutions based on artificial intelligence and OSINT methods, providing comprehensive monitoring of business reputation in international markets.

Key metrics for assessing ROI from reputation investments include trends in corporate ratings, the Edelman Trust Barometer index, the number of positive reviews, incident response speed, and partner engagement levels.

Automation of compliance processes: cost reduction and increased reliability

Automation of compliance processes is not only about reducing costs, but also about increasing the reliability of corporate governance.

Implementing digital compliance solutions, automating counterparty checks, and digital identification help minimize the human factor, speed up due diligence processes, and increase business transparency.
In one COREDO project for an international group of companies, automation of compliance processes reduced operating costs by 25% and enabled rapid response to changes in the regulatory environment across different jurisdictions.

Recommendations for entrepreneurs and managers

Checklist: how to prepare a company for a regulator inspection

  1. Conduct an independent internal audit and a reputational audit.
  2. Ensure transparency of ownership structure and disclosure of all beneficiaries.
  3. Implement automated KYC/AML procedures and regularly update compliance policy.
  4. Prepare documentspolicy on corporate governance, internal control and ESG reporting.
  5. Conduct employee training on corporate ethics and conflict-of-interest management.
  6. Integrate digital platforms for reputation monitoring and review management.

Strategies to minimize reputational and regulatory risks

  • Regularly conduct partner checks and due diligence using OSINT and automated platforms.
  • Form strategic alliances with verified AML service providers.
  • Implement corporate compliance based on international standards ISO 37301 and ISO 37001.
  • Develop crisis PR scenarios and a business reputation recovery plan.
  • Integrate ESG factors into corporate governance to increase investor trust.

Metrics and ROI: how to evaluate the effectiveness of investments in reputation and compliance

  • Trends in corporate rating and reputational index.
  • Number of successful partner checks and absence of incidents.
  • Level of business transparency and the speed of passing regulatory inspections.
  • ROI from investments in digital solutions for compliance and reputation monitoring.
  • Increase in investment attractiveness and access to new financial instruments.

Key findings and recommendations

In the modern world, opening a company abroad requires not only knowledge of the regulatory environment, but also strategic management of business reputation, corporate compliance, and business transparency.

COREDO’s experience proves: only the integration of the best international practices, process automation, and constant monitoring of reputational risks make it possible to minimize costs, increase investment attractiveness, and ensure sustainable business development in global markets.

I recommend using the presented tools and checklists as a basis for strategic planning, and if complex issues arise, consulting COREDO experts for an individual solution adapted to the specifics of your business and the chosen jurisdiction.

Countries with no cryptocurrency tax in 2025 continue to attract investors and digital-asset enthusiasts seeking maximum freedom from tax obligations. In the coming year such jurisdictions are becoming increasingly rare, but still offer real tax-free opportunities for those who carefully plan and comply with local requirements. Below we will examine which countries offer the most favorable conditions for living and investing with cryptocurrency.

Tax-free countries for cryptocurrencies

COREDO’s experience shows: choosing a country with zero tax on cryptocurrency should be based not only on formal rates but also on a number of additional criteria:

  • Reliability of legislation: long-term stability of the tax regime, absence of risks of sudden changes.
  • Residency requirements: the possibility of obtaining a residence permit or business residency without complicated procedures.
  • Licensing of crypto business: presence of transparent rules for obtaining a license for cryptocurrency activities, clear cost of the license.
  • Compliance and AML/KYC: adequacy of requirements, absence of excessive control, possibility of building flexible compliance strategies.
  • Infrastructure: developed banking and legal services, free economic zones, access to international markets.
COREDO’s practice confirms: only a comprehensive assessment of these factors makes it possible to choose the best jurisdictions for registering a crypto business without taxes and minimize legal risks.

Countries without cryptocurrency tax

Country Cryptocurrency tax Residency requirements Licensing AML/KYC Features
UAE 0% Residence permit, business residency Yes Yes Free Zones, real estate for crypto
Cayman Islands 0% Minimal Yes Yes Prestige, international recognition
El Salvador 0% License, residence permit Yes Yes Bitcoin City, BTC legalization
Portugal 0% (for individuals, HODL) Residence permit, 183 days Yes Yes For long-term holding
Germany 0% (HODL > 1 year) Residency Yes Yes Only with long-term holding

UAE (Dubai, Abu Dhabi): a tax-free jurisdiction for cryptocurrency where business residency is available through company registration in a free economic zone. The solution developed by COREDO makes it possible to obtain a license for cryptocurrency activities (VARA, ADGM) in 2-4 months, integrate AML/KYC procedures and legally invest in real estate for cryptocurrency.

The Cayman Islands are a prestigious tax haven for crypto assets, where corporate taxation of cryptocurrency is absent and residency requirements are minimal. COREDO’s experience has shown: licensing of crypto business here requires thorough due diligence, but provides international recognition and capital protection.

El Salvador: the first country to legalize Bitcoin as a means of payment. In Bitcoin City, zero taxes on capital gains from cryptocurrency apply, and to obtain a residence permit it is enough to invest in digital assets or real estate. COREDO’s practice has confirmed: legalization of cryptocurrency income in El Salvador is transparent, but requires compliance with local AML standards.

Portugal is a country where, for individuals holding cryptocurrency for more than a year (HODL), a zero capital gains tax applies. For legal entities and traders the tax status is more complex: confirmation of tax residency (183 days of stay) is required, company registration, and integration of compliance strategies. COREDO’s solutions allow optimizing business structure and avoiding double taxation.

Germany: a unique case: if an individual holds cryptocurrency for more than a year, capital gains tax is not levied. For companies standard corporate rates apply, but with proper international tax planning a significant reduction in tax burden is possible.

Cryptocurrency taxation for residents

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Cryptocurrency taxation for residents is becoming an increasingly relevant issue: in many countries profits from digital asset transactions are taxed, and rates and requirements depend on the resident status and features of local legislation. Below we will examine countries where a zero cryptocurrency tax is set for residents in 2025, which is especially important for those seeking an optimal tax jurisdiction.

Countries with zero cryptocurrency tax in 2025

Choosing a country is a strategic decision affecting ROI, long-term asset protection and legality of operations. The COREDO team has implemented more than 120 projects relocating crypto business to the UAE, Cayman Islands, El Salvador and Portugal, using the following algorithm:

  1. Business goals analysis: determining priorities – capital protection, scaling, minimizing tax risks.
  2. Due Diligence of jurisdictions: assessment of legislation, stability of the tax regime, residency requirements.
  3. Compliance strategies: integration of AML/KYC, preparation of corporate structure, calculation of license cost.
  4. Assessment of legal risks: analysis of the possibility of sudden changes in tax legislation, risks of fines and account blocking.
  5. Relocation plan: step-by-step instructions for company registration, obtaining a license, opening accounts and arranging a residence permit.
The solution developed by COREDO helps avoid common mistakes: choosing the wrong jurisdiction, failing to comply with reporting requirements, and risks of double taxation.

How to prove tax residency

To legalize income from cryptocurrency and obtain tax benefits it is required to confconfirmation of resident status:

  • Certificate of residency (Tax Residency Certificate): issued after company registration and/or obtaining a residence permit.
  • Proof of presence: tickets, lease agreement, utility bills.
  • Corporate documents: articles of association, director appointment resolution, cryptocurrency activity license.
  • Reporting under international standards (CRS, FATCA): integration of digital identification, automatic exchange of information.
COREDO’s practice confirms: timely document processing allows to avoid fines and account blocking during international transactions.

Cryptocurrency taxes for individuals and legal entities in the EU, Asia, Africa

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Cryptocurrency taxes for individuals and legal entities in the EU, Asia, Africa vary significantly by region, and these differences are important for understanding financial risks and opportunities. In each jurisdiction, the rules for taxing digital assets set different rates and requirements for individuals and companies. Below we consider how cryptocurrency taxes for individuals and legal entities differ in the key countries of these regions.

Taxes for individuals and legal entities: comparison

In the EU, the tax consequences for individuals depend on the holding regime (HODL) and the nature of operations:

  • Long-term holding (HODL): in Germany and Portugal: exemption from capital gains tax when held for more than one year.
  • Trading and mining: in most EU countries taxed as income, reporting of transactions is required.
  • Legal entities: corporate taxation of crypto assets, mandatory company registration, integration of compliance strategies.

In Asia (Singapore, UAE) tax incentives for investors are more flexible: there is no capital gains tax, but licensing and compliance with AML/KYC are required. COREDO’s experience showed: company registration in Singapore takes 3–7 days, account opening is possible remotely, and licensing of crypto business requires integration of due diligence procedures.

In Africa (South Africa, Kenya) cryptocurrency taxation is still forming, but a number of countries already offer tax incentives for crypto startups and miners.

Crypto business license: AML/KYC requirements

A license for cryptocurrency activity is a key element of business legalization. In the UAE, the Cayman Islands and Singapore, licensing includes:

  • Submission of corporate documents: articles of association, director appointment resolution, business plan.
  • Integration of AML/KYC: client identification procedures, transaction monitoring, compliance automation.
  • License cost: from $15,000 to $120,000 depending on the jurisdiction and type of activity.
  • Due diligence: verification of sources of funds, capital structure, compliance with international reporting standards.
The COREDO team has implemented projects for licensing crypto exchanges, payment services, and DeFi platforms, ensuring compliance with all requirements and minimizing the risk of fines.

Tax risks for crypto investors in 2025

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Tax risks for crypto investors in 2025 are becoming increasingly relevant against the backdrop of tougher control by tax authorities and the emergence of new rules for declaring digital assets. The introduction of comprehensive mechanisms for monitoring cryptocurrency operations requires every investor not only to accurately calculate obligations but also to have a deep understanding of potential tax traps.

Special attention should be paid to issues of double taxation that may arise in cross-border transactions with digital assets.

Double taxation when working with cryptocurrency

International tax planning is the foundation of capital protection. COREDO’s solution includes:

  • Analysis of tax treaties (Double Tax Treaties): choosing countries where agreements to avoid double taxation are in force.
  • Business structuring: registration of holding companies, trusts and funds for investments in digital assets.
  • Reporting optimization: integration of international standards (CRS, FATCA), automation of information exchange.
  • Legalization of income: preparation of documents confirming the origin of funds, integration of compliance strategies.
COREDO’s practice confirms: proper structuring makes it possible to avoid double taxation and reduce the risk of account blocking.

Fines for AML and compliance violations

Failure to comply with AML/KYC and compliance requirements leads to serious consequences:

  • Fines: in the EU and UAE: from €50,000 to $500,000 for breaching customer identification procedures.
  • Account blocking: banks and payment services block transactions if the source of funds is not confirmed.
  • Legal risks: criminal liability for money laundering, inability to legalize income.
The COREDO team integrates automated monitoring systems, trains client staff in due diligence procedures, and ensures compliance with international reporting standards.

Countries without cryptocurrency tax: how to use them?

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Countries without cryptocurrency tax open unique opportunities for investors and entrepreneurs who want to preserve digital assets without tax losses or develop business in new jurisdictions. It is important to understand that using these advantages requires a proper approach to relocation, business registration and thorough preparation of documents according to local requirements.

How to relocate and register a business?

  1. Choosing a jurisdiction: analysis of the tax regime, residency requirements, and scaling opportunities.
  2. Company registration: preparation of corporate documents, submitting the application, obtaining the registration certificate.
  3. obtainedlicenses: integration of AML/KYC, preparation of a business plan, undergoing due diligence.
  4. opening a bank account: choosing a bank, preparing documents, integrating digital identification.
  5. Residence permit processing: submitting documents, proving source of funds, obtaining a certificate of residence.
  6. Compliance integration: automating procedures, staff training, transaction monitoring.
  7. Investments in real estate and assets: legalization of income, transaction formalization, capital protection.
Implementing these steps with COREDO allows clients to scale their business, invest in digital assets and real estate without tax risks.

Cryptocurrency license in the UAE and the Cayman Islands

  • UAE: company registration in a Free Zone (DMCC, ADGM, VARA), preparation of corporate documents, integration of AML/KYC, undergoing due diligence, obtaining a license in 2-4 months.
  • Cayman Islands: company registration, preparation of a business plan, compliance integration, verification of sources of funds, obtaining a license for cryptocurrency activities.
COREDO’s experience shows: the cost of a license depends on the type of business and the volume of operations, but proper document preparation and compliance with requirements make it possible to obtain a license without delays.

Investing in real estate with cryptocurrency

In the UAE, El Salvador and the Cayman Islands, legalization of real estate investments made with cryptocurrency is possible through executing a transaction with proof of source of funds, compliance integration and obtaining a certificate of residence. COREDO’s solution allows clients to invest in commercial and residential real estate, scale their business and protect capital from tax risks.

Key takeaways for entrepreneurs and investors

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  • Countries with zero cryptocurrency tax – UAE, Cayman Islands, El Salvador, Portugal, Germany (for long-term holding) – provide real tax benefits for crypto investors and businesses.
  • Residency and licensing requirements: a key factor in legalizing income and protecting capital.
  • Compliance and AML/KYC: a mandatory element for successful scaling of crypto business, minimizing tax risks and preventing fines.
  • Practical COREDO solutions – comprehensive support at all stages: from choosing a jurisdiction to compliance integration and income legalization.
  • Risks of legislative changes – require continuous monitoring, flexible corporate structures and strategic planning.

Relocating a crypto business to a tax-free country

  • Define business goals and priorities.
  • Conduct due diligence of the chosen jurisdiction.
  • Prepare corporate documents.
  • Obtain a license for cryptocurrency activities.
  • Obtain a residence permit and a certificate of residence.
  • Integrate AML/KYC and compliance procedures.
  • Open a bank account.
  • Invest in real estate or other assets.
  • Monitor changes in legislation and tax regime.

If you want strategic support, minimize tax risks and legalize cryptocurrency income, the COREDO team is ready to offer solutions proven in practice and compliant with international standards.

About 72% of European and Asian IT startups face blocks on international payments and restrictions on access to investments solely because of an unfortunate choice of jurisdiction for registration of the company — figures that highlight the strategic importance of this issue. Even more telling: according to Gartner, up to 40% of innovative IT projects lose competitive advantages due to legal risks related to compliance, taxation and intellectual property protection.

In today’s world, where time-to-market and flexibility of corporate structure determine success, choosing a country for an IT business becomes not just a formality but a key driver of scaling, tax optimization and access to venture capital. The jurisdiction affects not only legal safety, but also the ability to open bank accounts, obtain licenses, protect software and personal data, as well as the long-term resilience and reputation of the business.

In front of you is a practical guide created based on COREDO’s experience in registering IT companies abroad, obtaining financial licenses, supporting compliance and building international corporate structures.

If you want not only to avoid mistakes but to gain a strategic advantage, I recommend reading the article to the end. Here you will find not only a systematic overview of the best jurisdictions for IT companies, but also concrete solutions that already work for our clients in the EU, Asia and the CIS.

How to choose a jurisdiction for an IT company

Illustration for the section «How to choose a jurisdiction for an IT company» in the article «Jurisdictions for IT companies: how to choose the right country»

The choice of jurisdiction for an IT company is a strategic decision that affects business development, scalability, tax burden and access to foreign markets. When analyzing jurisdictions, it is important to consider their tax regimes, incentives for the IT sector and conditions for international activity in order to select the optimal country to register your company.

Taxes and incentives for IT companies

Tax burden optimization: one of the most common requests COREDO’s team handles when registering IT companies abroad. Corporate taxation for IT businesses ranges from 0% on reinvested profits in Estonia to 17% in Singapore and 12.5% in Cyprus. The key factor is not only the tax rate, but also the presence of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTA), R&D incentives, and other supports for innovative companies.

For example, a solution developed at COREDO for a SaaS company from Lithuania allowed using local tax incentives to finance software development, as well as structuring a holding with subsidiaries in Estonia and Portugal to optimize tax residency and protect intellectual property.

When choosing a country for an IT business, it is important to consider:

  • The corporate tax rate and availability of incentives for IT companies
  • Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTA)
  • Tax incentives for R&D and innovation
  • Possibility of tax optimization through hybrid structures (holding + operating company)

Compliance, AML, KYC and substance – what is it?

COREDO’s practice confirms: compliance requirements and AML for IT companies are becoming increasingly stringent, especially in the EU, the UK and Singapore. Substance requirements, the demands for a company’s real presence (office, employees, local director): are critical for recognition of tax residency and opening bank accounts.

For example, when registering an IT company in Singapore it is necessary to appoint a local resident director, and banks require confirmation of substance and completion of KYC/AML procedures to open a corporate account. Automation of compliance and implementation of international AML/KYC standards is a mandatory step for fintech and blockchain projects, as well as for companies working with cross-border payments.

Key points:

  • KYC/AML requirements for IT companies
  • Substance requirements: office, local director, employees
  • Automation of compliance and Due Diligence of the jurisdiction
  • Impact of the automatic exchange of tax information (CRS)

Thus, tightening compliance and the development of international standards directly affect the requirements for presence and operational activity of IT companies in key jurisdictions; next we will consider licensing and regulation issues.

Licensing and regulation of IT companies

For fintech companies, crypto startups and projects in the digital assets sphere, Licensing becomes a strategic issue. COREDO’s team has implemented projects to obtain licenses for payment services, forex, crypto and blockchain activities in Estonia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Singapore and the UAE.

Cryptocurrency regulation and digital asset rules vary by country: for example, Gibraltar and Malta have progressive licensing regimes, while Singapore requires compliance with the strict requirements of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). For blockchain projects it is important to consider not only licenses but also the legal status of tokens, corporate governance requirements and data protection.

Opening a bank account: procedure and conditions

Opening a bank account for an IT business is one of the most complex stages of international registration. Bank scoring, currency control, substance and compliance requirements — all of this affects the speed and possibility of opening a corporate account.

Our experience at COREDO has shown that banks in Estonia and Lithuania willingly open accounts for IT companies with a transparent structure and confirmed substance, whereas in Singapore and Hong Kong the process can take up to 2–3 months and require the director’s personal presence. In the UAE and Cyprus banks impose requirements on minimum authorized capital and corporate structure.

Impact of reputation on access to investments

Reputation of the jurisdiction for IT companies directly affects access to investments, venture financing and opportunities to exit to interinternational markets. For example, a British LTD or an Estonian OÜ are perceived by investors as transparent and reliable structures, whereas offshore jurisdictions (Belize, BVI) may raise questions during due diligence and complicate account opening.

Technology clusters, accelerators and special economic zones are additional factors that can accelerate the development and scaling of an IT business. A solution developed by COREDO for a startup from Portugal enabled obtaining grants for R&D and access to European accelerators.

Online intellectual property protection

Protection of software, patents and trademarks: a fundamental issue for IT companies. The EU, the United Kingdom and Singapore have developed intellectual property protection systems, and the GDPR and digital identification (e-Residency) provide a high level of personal data security.

Remote management of an IT company has become a reality thanks to the digital infrastructure of Estonia and Lithuania, where you can register a business, manage accounts and file tax reports online.

Where to open an IT company in 2025

Illustration for the section “Where to open an IT company in 2025” in the article “Jurisdictions for IT companies: how to choose the right country”

Opening an IT company in 2025 is not only about finding technological solutions, but also choosing a country with a favorable ecosystem, support for startups, optimal tax policy and access to international markets. The decision of where to open an IT company in 2025 can directly affect your profit, growth prospects and access to talent.

Best European countries to relocate to

Estonia – a leader in digital infrastructure, e-Residency and remote management. Corporate tax – 0% on reinvested profits, substance requirements are minimal, account opening is possible online. Lithuania: a fintech startup hub, a developed licensing system for payment services, access to EU markets. Cyprus – low tax rate (12.5%), benefits for IP companies, DTA with most EU countries. Poland and Portugal – attractive tax incentives for R&D, startup visas, support from accelerators.

United Kingdom – a stable legal system, flexible corporate structures, a high level of intellectual property protection and access to venture capital.

Thanks to these advantages of European jurisdictions, more and more companies are turning their attention to leading Asian hubs – Singapore, Hong Kong and the UAE.

Asia: business in Singapore, Hong Kong, UAE

Singapore – one of the most transparent and regulated markets for IT and fintech companies. A local director is required, minimal authorized capital, strict AML/KYC requirements, licensing for fintech and crypto startups. Hong Kong – a quick entry to Asian markets, developed banking infrastructure, flexible tax system. UAE: free economic zones, benefits for IT companies, possibility of 100% foreign ownership, developed startup support.

Georgia and Armenia: differences and ties with the CIS

Georgia – low taxes (5-15%), special IT zones, simple company registration, minimal substance requirements. Armenia – support for startups, tax incentives, access to CIS and Middle Eastern markets.

Company registration: USA, Australia, Gibraltar

USA (Delaware): a popular jurisdiction for venture IT projects, hybrid structures (LLC + C-Corp), a developed intellectual property protection system. Australia – a stable economy, support for innovation, flexible corporate structures. Gibraltar, progressive regulation of crypto and fintech activities, benefits for IT companies.

Comparison of jurisdictions for IT companies

Country Corp. tax AML/KYC Account opening Licenses Features
Estonia 0% on reinvested profits, 20% on dividends. Medium Online No e-Residency, remote management
Singapore from 4% High Difficult Required Fintech, access to Asia
Cyprus 12.5% Medium Easy No DTA, benefits for IP
Georgia 5-15% Low Easy No IT zones, low taxes
United Kingdom 19% High Medium No Venture funding, IP protection
UAE 0-9% Medium Easy Required Free zones, startup support

Registration of an IT company in the EU, Asia and Africa

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Registering an IT company in the EU, Asia and Africa is not only associated with formal procedures, but also with the need to comply with the specific requirements of each jurisdiction. It is important to consider issues of real presence and the so-called substance – they often become key for obtaining a license, opening a bank account and the further functioning of the business.

Requirements for real presence and substance

In the EU and the United Kingdom substance requirements include having an office, a local director and employees. In Estonia and Lithuania the requirements are minimal: a legal address and a nominee director are sufficient. In Singapore: a mandatory local director, a corporate secretary and an office. In the UAE: the possibility of 100% foreign ownership without a local partner in free zones.

Immigration and relocation of specialists

Startup visas and immigration programs are an important tool for relocating IT specialists. Portugal, the United Kingdom, Lithuania and Estonia have special visas for startups and investors, support from accelerators and grant programs. COREDO’s solution for a fintech company from Poland allowed relocating the team through a startup visa and gaining access to European markets.

Corporate governance and asset protection – how to ensure them?

Corporate governance (corporate governance), the foundation of long-term development of an IT company. The EU and the United Kingdom have strict requirements for transparency of structure, reporting and protection of beneficial owners. intellectual property protectionintellectual property is ensured through the registration of patents, trademarks and licenses, and exit strategy, through hybrid structures and holdings.

At the same time, when registering an IT company it is important to take into account a number of legal risks that are discussed in detail in the following section.

Legal risks of registering an IT company

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The legal risks of registering an IT company affect not only the choice of corporate structure and taxation issues, but also compliance with international standards such as AML/KYC and CRS. For modern IT businesses it is especially important to comply with financial control and tax information exchange rules in order to avoid fines and possible blocks to operations.

AML/KYC and CRS tax information exchange

International AML/KYC standards and the automatic exchange of tax information (CRS) are key challenges for IT companies operating in multiple jurisdictions. COREDO’s practice shows that compliance automation and compliance outsourcing help minimize the risks of account blocking and refusal of service.

Currency restrictions and banking risks: what is important to know?

Currency control and restrictions on capital outflows: a critical aspect for IT companies working with cross-border payments. In the EU, the UK and Singapore currency risks are minimal, while in some offshore jurisdictions there may be restrictions on international transfers and profit repatriation.

Consequences of choosing a jurisdiction for business

The choice of jurisdiction affects the company’s reputation, the ability to pass due diligence, access to investments and exit strategy. Offshore structures may raise questions from banks and investors, while transparent jurisdictions can speed up scaling and enter new markets.

How to choose a jurisdiction for an IT company

Illustration for the section “How to choose a jurisdiction for an IT company” in the article “Jurisdictions for IT companies: how to choose the right country”

Choosing a jurisdiction for an IT company is a strategic step that determines the possibilities for scaling the business, its tax burden and the level of protection of intellectual property rights. Where you register your project affects the conditions for doing business, access to financing and even reputation on the international market. Below we will explain how to choose and register an entity taking these factors into account.

How to choose and register an entity

  1. Assess the strategic goals of the business – scaling, taxes, access to investments, asset protection.
  2. Compare tax and compliance conditions – rates, incentives, AML/KYC requirements.
  3. Check substance and banking infrastructure, office, local director, possibility of opening an account.
  4. Analyze the risks and reputation of the jurisdiction: due diligence, currency control, reputational risks.
  5. Conduct legal due diligence, compliance with requirements, intellectual property protection.
  6. Obtain the necessary licenses and open accounts – fintech, crypto, payment services.
  7. Organize corporate governance – structure, reporting, protection of beneficial owners.

Conclusions and advice for entrepreneurs

The choice of jurisdiction for an IT company is a strategic decision that determines the tax burden, access to investment, speed of scaling and the long-term resilience of the business.

The best countries to register an IT company in 2025 are Estonia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Singapore, the UAE, the UK, the USA (Delaware): they offer optimal conditions for tax optimization, compliance and intellectual property protection.

COREDO’s practice confirms: risk minimization, faster registration and compliance can only be achieved with an integrated approach – from analyzing strategic goals to compliance automation and organizing corporate governance. A reliable legal and financial partner is the key to successful international operations of an IT business.

If you plan to register an IT company abroad, obtain licenses or scale your business through international structures, the COREDO team is ready to offer solutions tested in practice and meeting the strictest market requirements.
Hong Kong company re-domiciliation regime: this is a legislative option for foreign companies to transfer their legal address and corporate identity to Hong Kong, while preserving business continuity, assets, liabilities and corporate structure.

Unlike the classic company registration in Hong Kong, re-domiciliation allows avoiding liquidation of the old company and creation of a new one – the business continues to exist, changing only the jurisdiction.

Companies (Amendment) Ordinance 2025: what changed?

The re-domiciliation regime for companies in Hong Kong was introduced by the Companies (Amendment) Ordinance 2025 and enshrined in Part 17A of the Companies Ordinance Cap. 622. These regulations define a streamlined pathway for re-domiciliation to Hong Kong, including eligibility criteria for re-domiciliation to Hong Kong, requirements for corporate structure, financial soundness and company transparency.

Key provisions:

  • Companies registered in recognized foreign jurisdictions (EU, United Kingdom, Cyprus, Estonia, Singapore, Dubai, etc.) may initiate transfer of corporate domicile to Hong Kong.
  • The procedure is carried out through the Companies Registry Hong Kong, with mandatory disclosure of corporate background, financial history and compliance track record.
  • The company’s legal identity is preserved, including rights, duties, contracts and corporate structure.
  • Re-domiciliation requires compliance with corporate procedures, disclosure of corporate reporting and undergoing Due Diligence during re-domiciliation.
COREDO’s practice confirms: competent preparation of corporate documentation and compliance with the requirements of the Companies Ordinance (CO) are critically important for successful migration of a company to Hong Kong.

Re-domiciliation: step-by-step guide

Re-domiciliation of foreign companies to Hong Kong is carried out according to a clear algorithm:

  1. Analysis of corporate structure and financial history, assessment of eligibility criteria for re-domiciliation to Hong Kong, preparation of corporate reporting, confirmation of financial stability and transparency.
  2. Approval of the shareholders’ resolution: obtaining shareholder consent required for Hong Kong re-domiciliation, preparing minutes and corporate resolutions.
  3. Conducting due diligence – disclosure of corporate background, compliance history, analysis of corporate risks when changing jurisdiction.
  4. Preparation and submission of documents to the Companies Registry Hong Kong – application for re-domiciliation, corporate reporting, confirmation of financial stability, disclosure of shareholder and beneficiary structure.
  5. Obtaining approval and registration: the Companies Registry Hong Kong considers the application, conducts additional checks, issues a certificate of re-domiciliation.
  6. Transitional period and integration: corporate integration into the new jurisdiction, notification of counterparties, banks, regulators, adjustment of corporate procedures and reporting to Hong Kong standards.
The solution developed by COREDO enables clients to go through this process as transparently as possible, with minimal risks and time costs.

Criteria for re-domiciliation of a company to Hong Kong

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Transferring a company’s legal address to Hong Kong requires strict compliance with a number of criteria, both in terms of corporate structure and financial history.

Requirements for the company’s structure and finances

Key corporate background requirements for Hong Kong include:

  • Confirmed financial stability (financial solvency criteria for re-domiciliation): absence of debts, corporate disputes, negative credit history.
  • Transparent corporate structure: disclosure of all shareholders, beneficiaries, availability of corporate reporting for the last 2-3 years.
  • Compliance with international regulatory standards: presence of AML/KYC procedures, corporate governance, internal compliance.
COREDO’s experience has shown: companies with transparent financial history and structure undergo the re-domiciliation procedure to Hong Kong faster and with lower costs.

Shareholder consent and creditors’ rights

The re-domiciliation requires:

  • Obtaining the consent of the majority of shareholders (shareholder consent requirements for Hong Kong re-domiciliation), preparation of corporate resolutions.
  • Protection of members’ and creditors’ interests: disclosure of corporate obligations, notification of all interested parties, ensuring protections for members and creditors in Hong Kong.
  • Conducting corporate procedures under the Companies Ordinance (CO), including disclosure of corporate rights and obligations.
The COREDO team has implemented cases where competent communication with shareholders and creditors helped avoid legal risks when changing jurisdiction.

Documents for company registration in the Companies Registry Hong Kong

The standard document package includes:

  • Application for re-domiciliation (application for transfer of corporate domicile to Hong Kong).
  • Corporate reporting confirming financial stability.
  • Minutes of shareholders’ resolutions.
  • Documents disclosing corporate structure, beneficiaries, compliance history.
  • Due diligence report for re-domiciliation.
COREDO’s practice confirms: careful preparation of documents and corporate support during re-domiciliation are the key to successful completion of the procedure.

Re-domiciliation of business to Hong Kong: advantages

Illustration for the section «Re-domiciliation of business to Hong Kong: advantages» in the article «Hong Kong company re-domiciliation regime what it is and how it works»

  • Hong Kong’s tax advantages for companies: corporate tax – 16.5%, the possibility of applying unilateral tax credits, transparent transitional tax arrangements for Hong Kong re-domiciliation.
  • Business continuity when changing jurisdiction: preservation of corporate identity, assets, liabilities, contracts.
  • Free flow of capital: absence of currency controls, fast international transactions, integration with global financial markets.
  • Economic substance rules: moderate requirements for economic presence, compliance with the global minimum tax.
  • Corporate transparency and a high level of corporate governance.

Comparison of winding-up, restructuring and an arrangement scheme

Option Hong Kong re-domiciliation Winding-up Court-sanctioned scheme
Business continuity Yes No Partially
Corporate identity Preserved No Partially
Timing 2-4 months 6-12 months 6-18 months
Risks for shareholders/creditors Minimal High Medium
Compliance burden Reduced Increased Medium

Reducing regulatory compliance costs

Re-domiciliation helps reduce the dual regulatory burden: the company is released from double regulation, optimizes corporate procedures and reporting, and reduces compliance costs in Hong Kong. The solution developed by COREDO allows integrating corporate processes according to Hong Kong standards, minimizing regulatory costs.

Tax benefits for re-domiciled companies

Parameter Hong Kong (after re-domiciliation) BVI/Cayman/Singapore
Corporate tax 16.5% 0-17%
Tax credits unilateral tax credits limited
Economic substance moderate strict (offshore)
Minimum tax applies depends on the jurisdiction
Reporting high transparency often simplified
Transitional tax arrangements for Hong Kong re-domiciliation allow a company to be smoothly integrated into Hong Kong’s tax system, preserving tax benefits, minimizing tax risks and ensuring compliance with the Inland Revenue Ordinance (IRO).

Company re-domiciliation to Hong Kong: risks and consequences

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Despite the obvious advantages, re-domiciliation of companies to Hong Kong requires careful analysis of corporate risks, constraints and legal consequences.

Which companies are prohibited from re-domiciliation

Eligibility criteria for re-domiciliation to Hong Kong include:

  • Companies undergoing liquidation, bankruptcy or legal disputes are not permitted.
  • Companies that do not meet requirements for corporate structure, financial stability and transparency are excluded.
  • Industry restrictions: certain types of activities (for example, those related to sanctioned goods, financial services without a license) may be excluded.

Thus, companies that have undergone re-domiciliation switch to a regime of corporate obligations and corresponding legal risks in accordance with Hong Kong law.

Corporate obligations and legal risks

Re-domiciliation preserves corporate identity, rights and duties, but requires:

  • Re-registration of corporate obligations according to Hong Kong standards.
  • Notifying international counterparties, banks and regulators of the change of jurisdiction.
  • Ensuring protections for members and creditors in Hong Kong: protection of the interests of shareholders, creditors and company members.

Thus, successful re-domiciliation requires a comprehensive approach to protecting the interests of all participants in the process; more details on risks for shareholders and creditors in the following section.

Risks for shareholders and creditors

Main risks:

  • Possible legal disputes in case of disagreement by shareholders or creditors.
  • Reputational risks due to insufficient transparency of the procedure.
  • Corporate integration risks: the need to adapt corporate procedures, corporate reporting and corporate structure.
The COREDO team has implemented cases where careful corporate support during re-domiciliation made it possible to minimize these risks.

Practical recommendations for entrepreneurs

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Practical recommendations for entrepreneurs are more relevant than ever, especially when choosing a new jurisdiction for business development. The new re-domiciliation regime allows entrepreneurs to move a company to Hong Kong while preserving all key assets, contracts and business relationships, as well as taking advantage of the benefits of Asia’s leading financial center. Below are step-by-step instructions to help make this process as efficient as possible.

Re-domiciliation of a business to Hong Kong: step-by-step

  1. Strategic planning: analysis of the corporate structure, selection of the optimal re-domiciliation model.
  2. Preparation of corporate documentation – disclosure of corporate reporting, financial history, compliance history.
  3. Obtaining shareholders’ consent: documenting corporate resolutions, communicating with stakeholders.
  4. Conducting due diligence: analysis of corporate risks, preparation of a report.
  5. Submitting the application to the Companies Registry Hong Kong: supporting the procedure, integrating corporate processes.
  6. Integration and notification of counterparties, setting up the corporate structure and corporate reporting, communication with banks and regulators.

How to assess the effectiveness of re-domiciliation

  • Reduction of the compliance burden – lowering regulatory costs, optimizing corporate procedures.
  • Increase in corporate investment and ROI – greater access to international financial markets, increase in company value.
  • Preservation of corporate identity and business continuity: no loss of assets, contracts or obligations.
  • Improvement of corporate reputation – increased transparency and trust from counterparties and investors.
COREDO’s practice has shown: successful re-domiciliation to Hong Kong leads to an ROI increase of 12–18% during the first year after migration.

How to choose a consulting partner and a lawyer

  • Assess the partner’s experience in corporate migration, re-domiciliation and support of international transactions.
  • Check availability

expertise in corporate governance, tax planning and AML consulting.

  • Request case studies that confirm successful company integrations into Hong Kong.
  • Ensure transparency of processes, the quality of due diligence, and corporate reporting.
  • The COREDO team supports clients at every stage of re-domiciliation, providing comprehensive support and strategic business planning in Asia.

    Re-domiciliation of companies to Hong Kong: answers to questions

    Illustration for the section ‘Re-domiciliation of companies to Hong Kong: answers to questions’ in the article ‘Hong Kong company re-domiciliation regime what it is and how it works’

    How does the company re-domiciliation regime in Hong Kong work?

    The regime allows a foreign company to transfer its legal address and corporate identity to Hong Kong while maintaining business continuity, assets, liabilities and corporate structure.

    Which companies can transfer their legal address to Hong Kong?

    Companies registered in recognized jurisdictions that meet requirements for financial resilience, transparency and corporate structure.

    What documents are required for re-domiciliation?

    An application for re-domiciliation, corporate reports, shareholder resolutions and minutes, documents disclosing the structure, beneficial owners, compliance history, due diligence report.

    How to obtain shareholders’ consent?

    A corporate meeting is held, resolutions and minutes are prepared, and communication with shareholders is ensured.

    What risks and limitations exist?

    Legal, corporate and reputational risks, as well as restrictions related to industry, structure and financial history.

    How does re-domiciliation affect tax status and corporate obligations?

    The company becomes a tax resident of Hong Kong and integrates corporate obligations according to the standards of the new jurisdiction.

    Hong Kong re-domiciliation vs other jurisdictions

    Hong Kong re-domiciliation vs other jurisdictions, a timely choice for companies considering a change of jurisdiction amid shifting global tax and regulatory requirements. In this section we will consider how the new re-domiciliation regime in Hong Kong compares with the options in Singapore, BVI, the Cayman Islands and European countries, highlighting the main differences, advantages and nuances of transitioning between these key centers.

    Comparison of the regimes: Singapore, BVI, Cayman Islands, Europe

    Jurisdiction Company requirements Timeframe Tax incentives Transparency Complexity of procedure
    Hong Kong High 2-4 months Yes High Medium
    Singapore Medium 3-6 months Yes High Medium
    BVI/Cayman Islands Low 1-2 months Limited Low Low
    Europe High 6-12 months Case-by-case High High
    The Hong Kong company re-domiciliation regime stands out with high transparency, moderate requirements for economic substance, access to international financial markets and tax incentives.

    Re-domiciliation of companies to Hong Kong: prospects

    The Hong Kong company re-domiciliation regime is not just a legal procedure but a strategic tool for corporate migration and scaling business in Asia. Preserving corporate identity, reducing compliance burden, access to international financial hubs and transparent corporate reporting — all of this opens new opportunities for investments, transactions and growth.

    COREDO’s experience confirms: re-domiciliation of companies to Hong Kong is an optimal solution for entrepreneurs, executives and CFOs seeking long-term sustainability, transparency and maximization of ROI.
    If you are ready to take the next step – the COREDO team will help implement your corporate strategy in Hong Kong, ensuring business continuity, integration and growth.

    In 2025, 82% of international companies deploying artificial intelligence faced the risk of regulatory sanctions in the EU – and only 14% of them were able to timely adapt their processes to the new AI regulation Europe requirements. These are not just numbers: this is a reality that is changing the technology development strategy of businesses across all industries, from financial services to logistics and retail. Why did such a high percentage of companies find themselves unprepared for the new standards? The reason is the unprecedented complexity and scale of the European Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act), entering into force in 2025 and already affecting business processes, investment decisions and corporate governance not only in the EU, but also in Asia, the CIS and the Middle East.

    Why did such a high percentage of companies find themselves unprepared for the new standards?
    The reason is the unprecedented complexity and scale of the European Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act), entering into force in 2025 and already affecting business processes, investment decisions and corporate governance not only in the EU, but also in Asia, the CIS and the Middle East.

    As CEO of COREDO, I see daily how issues of AI compliance, implementation of the AI Act for international companies and cross-border AI regulation are becoming key for our clients. What should you do if your company operates AI systems in Europe but the head office is in Singapore or Dubai? What risks does non-compliance with the EU AI Act entail? How to prepare the business for an audit and avoid fines reaching tens of millions of euros? How to ensure algorithmic transparency and data governance so as not to lose the trust of customers and partners?

    In this article I will analyze in detail the structure and logic of the EU AI Act, and show with examples from COREDO’s practice how international companies adapt their processes, what mistakes they make and which solutions work in practice.
    If you want not only an overview of the law but also concrete tools to prepare your business,, I recommend reading the article to the end.

    Here you will find strategic ideas, checklists and recommendations that will help not only to comply with the new requirements but also to use them for growth and strengthening your position on the global market.

    EU AI Act: what businesses need to know

    Illustration for the section «EU AI Act: what businesses need to know» in the article «EU AI Act what international companies need to know»

    The EU AI Act is the world’s first comprehensive regulatory act governing artificial intelligence based on a risk-oriented categorization principle. The law applies to all companies offering or integrating AI systems on the territory of the EU, regardless of the place of registration or headquarters. The key objective is to ensure transparency, safety and accountability in the use of AI in business, to protect the rights and freedoms of users, and to create a unified standard of AI governance for Europe and the world.

    EU AI Act — who does it apply to?

    The EU AI Act covers not only European companies but all international suppliers and integrators whose AI solutions are available on the EU market. This means that even if your business is registered in Singapore, the United Kingdom or Dubai, if you offer AI services to European clients you fall under the law. The COREDO team has implemented projects for the implementation of the AI Act for international companies where the key challenge was integrating EU requirements into local processes and downstream integration with existing corporate systems.

    Special attention is paid to interaction with EU AI regulators: companies are required to register high-risk AI systems, provide technical documentation and undergo audits for compliance with AI standards. For companies operating in multiple jurisdictions, it is critically important to ensure cross-border AI regulation and to synchronize processes between European and Asian offices.

    Categories of AI systems – types and how they differ

    The EU AI Act introduces a strict classification of AI systems by risk level:

    • Prohibited AI practices: these include social scoring, manipulative algorithms, biometric identification without consent, and emotion recognition in public spaces. Such systems are completely banned from use and sale in the EU.
    • High-risk AI systems: solutions that affect people’s rights, safety and health (for example, credit scoring, medical AI, HR algorithms). They require mandatory conformity assessment, registration and regular audits.
    • General Purpose AI (GPAI), systems of general purpose such as large language models that can be integrated into various business processes. For GPAI models with systemic risk, separate requirements are introduced regarding transparency, publication of information about training data and management of systemic risks.
    COREDO’s practice confirms: correct categorization of AI systems is the first step to reducing regulatory risks and successfully passing an audit.

    When does the AI Act come into force?

    The AI Act is implemented in stages:

    • From 2 February 2025, bans on prohibited AI practices (social scoring, manipulative algorithms) come into force.
    • From 2 August 2025, GPAI providers are required to publish information about training data, assess and disclose systemic risks.
    • By December 2025, all high-risk systems must complete registration and enter the register before going to market.
    • By mid-2026 full harmonization of requirements occurs: all provisions of the law become mandatory for businesses.

    COREDO supports clients at every stage, ensuring timely preparation of technical documentation and interaction with notified bodies and the EU AI Office.

    EU AI Act requirements for foreign companies

    Illustration for the section «EU AI Act requirements for foreign companies» in the article «EU AI Act what international companies need to know»

    AI compliance redefined: it’s not just formal reporting but a comprehensive restructuring of processes, from Due Diligence AI to implementing technical standards and a culture of risk management.

    Prohibited AI practices and risks

    Prohibited AI practices are not only a legal but also a reputational risk. The use of social scoring, manipulative algorithms or biometric identification without the user’s explicit consent entails not only fines, b

    and blocking access to the EU market. High-risk AI systems require undergoing a conformity assessment (conformity assessment), the implementation of serious incidents reporting mechanisms and regular auditing.

    The solution developed at COREDO for one fintech client included the deployment of automated emotion recognition tools with mandatory registration and configuration of algorithmic transparency, which made it possible to pass audits by notified bodies and avoid fines.

    Requirements for GPAI with systemic risk

    GPAI models are the new focus of regulators. Providers are required to disclose information about training data, assess systemic risks and publish reports on downstream integration. For models with systemic risk (systemic risk GPAI models), additional requirements are introduced for transparency, data governance and the publication of information on copyright compliance.

    Our experience at COREDO has shown that timely preparation of documentation and the implementation of internal procedures for assessing systemic risks not only ensure compliance, but also increase the trust of investors and partners.

    Thus, proper preparation of all documentation facilitates passing audits and minimizes risks when interacting with supervisory authorities.

    Documentation and reporting for audit

    Technical documentation for the AI Act is not just formal reports, but a comprehensive set of documents including a description of the AI system architecture, algorithms, data sources, personal data processing procedures, risk assessments and response plans for serious incidents. Downstream providers are required to integrate their processes with the requirements of the primary supplier and ensure transparency at all stages.

    COREDO has developed templates and checklists for preparing AI system audits, which include requirements of the Code of Practice, AI technical standards and best practices for incident management.

    Thus, thorough documentation and integration of all processes not only contributes to successful audit completion but also helps minimize risks associated with non-compliance with the AI Act.

    Fines for violating the AI Act

    Fines for violating the AI Act are among the highest in the history of European regulation: up to €35 million or 7% of a company’s annual global turnover. In addition to financial losses, companies risk product blocking, license withdrawals and serious reputational consequences.

    COREDO’s practice confirms: proactive management of legal and operational risks, implementation of liability mechanisms for harm caused by AI, and regular engagement with regulators are key to reducing risks and maintaining competitiveness.

    Implementing business processes under the AI Act

    Illustration for the section «Implementing business processes under the AI Act» in the article «EU AI Act what international companies need to know»

    Implementing the AI Act for international companies is a strategic project that requires a review of business processes, investment strategies and corporate governance.

    How to determine an AI system’s category and its status

    Compliance assessment of AI systems begins with a risk-oriented approach: it is necessary to conduct a systemic risk assessment, classify the system by risk level (prohibited, high-risk, GPAI, low-risk) and determine the requirements for documentation, audit and reporting.

    The COREDO team has implemented projects to automate the categorization process, which has allowed clients to quickly adapt to new requirements and reduce audit costs.

    Data management and cybersecurity: what matters?

    The AI Act imposes strict requirements on data governance and transparency: companies must ensure data privacy, open data compliance, implement algorithmic transparency mechanisms and guarantee the cybersecurity of AI systems. The processing of personal data in AI must comply with GDPR standards and the new requirements for protecting user rights.

    COREDO implements comprehensive AI cybersecurity solutions, including automated monitoring systems, incident response and regular security audits.

    Impact on supply chains, investments and innovation

    The AI Act changes the logic of AI solution supply chains: companies must control not only their systems but also the integration of third-party models (downstream integration), ensure copyright compliance and manage ethical AI risks. The AI Act’s impact on AI investment is reflected in increased due diligence and transparency requirements, which raise project costs but at the same time reduce the risk of long-term losses.

    COREDO supports investment deals by assessing the profitability of AI implementation (AI ROI assessment) taking into account the new regulatory requirements.

    Implementing practices in different jurisdictions: EU, Asia, Africa

    Implementing the AI Act in Asian and African countries is associated with a number of challenges: differences in national standards, the absence of a unified audit infrastructure, and difficulties in downstream integration with European systems. Best practices include creating a unified compliance management platform, regular engagement with national supervisory bodies and implementing internal procedures to adapt business processes.

    COREDO has implemented cross-border AI regulation projects where the key success factor was the integration of EU requirements with local regulatory standards.

    Monitoring compliance with the AI Act and working with regulators

    Illustration for the section «Monitoring compliance with the AI Act and working with regulators» in the article «EU AI Act what international companies need to know»

    Effective engagement with regulators: the foundation for successful AI Act implementation and minimization of legal risks.

    Role of the AI Office and national regulators in the EU

    EU AI Office: the central body coordinating the implementation and enforcement of the AI Act. It is responsible for developing technical standards, publishing the Code of Practice and interacting with national AI supervisory authorities. The European Artificial Intelligence Board ensures harmonization of requirements between EU countries and the exchange of information on systemic risks.

    COREDO supports clients in interactions with the EU AI Office, ensuring timely system registration and audit preparation.

    Audit and inspections for supervisory authorities

    Preparation for auditing AI systems includes AI due diligence, the collection and structuring of technical documentation, interaction with notified bodies and national supervisory authoritiesa. It is important not only to pass a formal inspection but also to build processes for regular monitoring and responding to serious incidents.

    The solution developed by COREDO includes automation of audit preparation processes and integration with the AI Service Desk for prompt interaction with regulators.

    Recommendations for international companies

    Illustration for the section «Recommendations for international companies» in the article «EU AI Act: what international companies need to know»

    The AI Act is both a challenge and an opportunity for international businesses. Companies that adapt their processes in time gain a competitive advantage and access to the largest market for AI solutions.

    Checklist for compliance preparation:

    • Categorize all AI systems by risk level
    • Develop and implement data governance, transparency, and cybersecurity procedures
    • Prepare technical documentation and reporting according to AI Act standards
    • Organize regular audits and monitoring of systemic risks
    • Ensure engagement with the EU AI Office and national supervisory authorities
    • Implement downstream integration procedures for third-party models
    • Assess the profitability of AI deployment taking new requirements into account

    Tips to minimize risks:

    • Use internal and external AI due diligence tools
    • Invest in automating audit preparation processes
    • Engage experts and consultants with experience implementing the AI Act in international companies
    • Respond promptly to changes in technical standards and regulator requirements
    COREDO’s practice shows: a comprehensive approach to AI compliance is the key to sustainable development and reducing legal and operational risks.

    Key questions for entrepreneurs

    What are the key risks to international business of non-compliance with the EU AI Act? Financial fines up to €35 million, product blocking, license revocations, reputational damage, and restricted access to the EU market.

    How to determine whether my AI system is categorized as high-risk or prohibited?: Conduct a systemic risk assessment (systemic risk assessment), compare the system’s functionality with the list of prohibited and high-risk practices under the AI Act.

    What steps are necessary to prepare a company for an AI Act compliance audit?

    1. System categorization, preparation of technical documentation, implementation of incident management procedures, engagement with notified bodies.

    What are the documentation and reporting requirements for GPAI models? Publication of information about training data, systemic risk reports, algorithmic transparency, downstream integration.

    How does the AI Act affect the strategy for implementing and scaling AI solutions in international companies?: It requires revising business processes and integrating new risk management, transparency, and accountability procedures, which affects investment attractiveness and the speed of scaling.

    Useful applications and services

    Useful applications and services help businesses and developers account for new requirements and leverage the opportunities that arise with the adoption of the EU AI Act. Understanding the key stages of this law coming into force will allow you to adapt processes and tools in advance to comply with the new rules and operate effectively in a regulated market.

    Stages of the EU AI Act coming into force

    Stage/Requirement Effective date Brief description
    Ban on prohibited practices 2 February 2025 Social scoring, manipulative algorithms
    Transparency requirements for GPAI 2 August 2025 Data publication, reporting, risk assessment
    Registration of high-risk systems December 2025 Entry into the register before market launch
    Full harmonization of requirements Mid 2026 All provisions of the law become mandatory

    Useful resources and templates for work

    • Official European Commission guides on AI compliance
    • Checklists for preparing technical documentation for the AI Act
    • Sample reporting templates for GPAI and high-risk systems
    • Support services for the AI Service Desk and contacts of notified bodies

    COREDO remains your reliable partner in the world of new AI regulation standards in Europe, providing not only legal protection but also strategic support for growth and innovation.

    In 2024 every third financial organization in Europe faced serious ICT incidents that led to direct losses and reputational damage. According to the European Banking Authority, the damage from cyberattacks on the EU’s financial sector last year alone exceeded €6 billion, and the number of attacks using complex supply chains increased by 38%.

    But are your business processes ready to withstand the next strike? How to ensure digital resilience of the business amid tightening EU regulatory requirements and the rapid digital transformation of financial companies?

    Today DORA (Digital Operational Resilience Act) is becoming not just a new standard but a key factor for survival and competitiveness for banks, insurers, fintechs, and investment organizations.

    DORA regulation compliance: it is not only a formal task but also a strategic advantage for those who can manage cyber threats and respond to them faster than the market.

    In this article I will explain in detail why DORA is not another “checkbox” in financial organizations’ information security report but a foundation for long-term resilience and growth. I will share practical recommendations, examples from COREDO’s experience COREDO and answer the most pressing questions: how to prepare a company for DORA requirements in 2025, what risks and opportunities the new regulatory regime opens, and how to build a digital operational resilience system that meets EU regulators’ expectations. If you want not just to comply with the new rules but to turn them into a source of strategic strength, I recommend reading this material to the end.

    DORA for the EU financial sector: what is it?

    Illustration for the section 'DORA for the EU financial sector: what is it?' in the article 'DORA meaning of the term and main requirements'

    DORA: it is a comprehensive European Union regulation coming into force on 17 January 2025, which for the first time sets unified requirements for digital operational resilience (digital operational resilience) of all participants in the EU financial market: from traditional banks and insurance companies to fintech startups, investment firms and payment organizations. For the first time DORA regulation compliance becomes mandatory for more than 22,000 companies and their supply chains around the world.

    DORA defines standards for ICT risk management, cybersecurity in the financial sector, operational resilience testing, incident management and control over third parties, including cloud providers and SaaS platforms. EU regulatory bodies (ESAs, EBA, EIOPA, ESMA) have been granted expanded powers for supervision and conducting DORA regulatory inspections, which requires companies to adopt a fundamentally new approach to digital maturity and cyber risk management.

    Goals and objectives of DORA

    The main task of DORA is to ensure resilience to cyberattacks and technological failures, minimize systemic risks and increase trust in the EU’s financial infrastructure. The regulation requires companies to carry out strategic cyber resilience planning, implement business continuity and disaster recovery, as well as regularly assess digital risks and conduct stress testing of ICT systems.

    COREDO’s practice confirms: implementing DORA is not only a matter of complying with new EU regulatory requirements but also a tool for enhancing financial stability and minimizing digital risks.

    In one of the cases implemented by our team for an international investment firm, integrating DORA not only reduced the likelihood of ICT incidents but also increased the transparency of risk management processes for the board of directors.

    Where DORA applies – geography and specifics

    DORA applies to all financial organizations operating in the EU, as well as to critical third parties, including cloud providers and IT companies, regardless of their jurisdiction.

    The extraterritorial effect of DORA means that even international companies outside the EU that provide digital services to European financial organizations are obliged to comply with the new digital operational resilience standards.

    Implementing DORA in international companies requires taking into account multi-cloud strategies, managing digital ecosystems and assessing the maturity of business processes. The solution developed at COREDO for one of the largest fintech providers in Singapore included comprehensive adaptation of third-party Due Diligence processes and integration of DORA into corporate governance, which made it possible to ensure compliance with the new requirements and reduce risks when working with European clients.

    DORA requirements – what you need to know

    Illustration for the section 'DORA requirements - what is important to know' in the article 'DORA meaning of the term and main requirements'

    DORA is built on five key pillars, each of which requires companies to implement specific policies, procedures and technical solutions to ensure the digital resilience of the business.

    Key DORA pillar Requirement essence Examples of mandatory measures Relevant keywords
    ICT risk management Building a digital risk management system Asset inventory, security policy ICT risk management, digital resilience
    Incident management Incident reporting and response regulations 3-stage reporting, investigation DORA incident management, incident reporting
    Operational resilience testing Regular security tests and stress tests Penetration testing, disaster recovery operational resilience testing
    Third-party management Control and audit of external providers Due diligence, SLA monitoring third-party management, due diligence
    Information sharing Voluntary sharing of cyber threat data Participation in industry platforms information sharing on cyber threats

    ICT risks and digital security

    Companies must build an ICT risk management system that includes inventory of digital assets, regular assessment of digital service risks, implementation of a vulnerability management policy and conducting penetration testing.

    Our experience at COREDO has shown that integration of ICT mintegration with business continuity and disaster recovery allows not only to increase resilience to cyberattacks, but also to speed up recovery after incidents.

    Incident management: reporting and responsibilities

    DORA requires companies to implement incident management: formalizing processes for detecting, classifying and reporting ICT incidents, as well as sharing information on cyber threats with regulators and industry platforms. For banks, a three-level incident reporting is provided: immediate notification, a detailed report and a final impact analysis.

    COREDO’s practice confirms that automating incident management and integrating it with the risk management system significantly reduces response time and lowers the likelihood of fines for non-compliance with DORA.

    Digital operational resilience testing

    Regular testing of operational resilience: a mandatory DORA requirement for all financial organizations. This includes stress-testing ICT systems, conducting scenario exercises, penetration testing and disaster recovery drills. Best practices for testing digital resilience under DORA include using KPI and digital resilience metrics to assess a company’s readiness for cyber threats.

    The COREDO team implemented projects to deploy automated resilience testing platforms for investment companies, which increased testing efficiency and reduced operational costs.

    Effective testing of digital resilience creates a foundation for further work on risks related to third parties and cloud services.

    Third-party and cloud risk management

    DORA and cloud providers are one of the most complex topics for international companies. The regulation requires strict third-party risk management, conducting supplier due diligence, monitoring SLAs and controlling incidents in the supply chain. For SaaS platforms and cloud services, integrating DORA into provider selection and audit processes is necessary.

    COREDO’s solution for a group of fintech companies in the EU included the development of due diligence checklists, automation of contractor monitoring and the implementation of a multi-cloud strategy, which ensured compliance with the new DORA requirements and increased the resilience of business processes.

    DORA for banks, insurers, fintech and investments

    Illustration for the section «DORA for banks, insurers, fintech and investments» in the article «DORA meaning of the term and main requirements»

    DORA for banks entails special attention to the business processes of digital banks, incident management and stress-testing of ICT infrastructure. For insurance companies the emphasis is on managing digital infrastructure and sharing information about cyber threats. Fintech companies and payment organizations must implement DORA regulation compliance in an environment of rapid digital innovation and multi-cloud operations.

    Investment firms are required to integrate DORA into third-party due diligence and supply chain management processes. In each case COREDO develops tailored solutions that take into account the specifics of digital ecosystems and regulatory constraints, enabling clients not only to meet DORA requirements but also to strengthen their competitive positions in the market.

    DORA in international companies: implementation

    Implementing DORA in international companies requires taking into account the extraterritorial effect of the regulation, integrating DORA into corporate governance and building multi-cloud strategies. For companies outside the EU it is critical to ensure supply chain management and control over IT providers working with European clients.

    In one of COREDO’s cases for an international group in Asia, a project was implemented to integrate DORA into risk management processes and compliance automation, which made it possible not only to pass DORA regulatory checks, but also to increase the company’s digital maturity.

    Corporate governance under DORA: role of top management

    Illustration for the section «Corporate governance under DORA: role of top management» in the article «DORA meaning of the term and main requirements»

    DORA places personal responsibility on top management and the board of directors for implementing and maintaining a system of digital operational resilience. The role of the CISO and CIO in implementing DORA becomes key: they are responsible for strategic management of digital risks, integrating DORA into corporate governance and preparing reports for regulators.

    COREDO recommends holding regular training sessions for top management on new DORA responsibilities, as well as implementing compliance automation systems to minimize human factor risks and increase the transparency of ICT risk management processes.

    This will ensure business readiness for the new requirements and a seamless transition to the practical preparation stage for DORA in 2025.

    Preparing for DORA for business in 2025

    Illustration for the section «Preparing for DORA for business in 2025» in the article «DORA meaning of the term and main requirements»

    Preparing for DORA for business in 2025 is not only about complying with new requirements, but also about building a sustainable foundation for your company’s digital and operational security. In 2025 financial organizations and their IT partners will need to review their processes to ensure ICT risk management, conduct resilience testing and establish supplier management under the new standards.

    Next we’ll look at how to choose and implement solutions for DORA so that the business not only complies with the law but is also protected from digital threats.

    Solutions for DORA: how to choose and implement

    1. Conduct an audit of digital processes and identify risk areas.
    2. Develop and approve an ICT risk management policy, integrate it with business continuity and disaster recovery.
    3. Implement automated platforms for monitoring IT service providers, managing SLAs and third-party due diligence.
    4. Organize training for employees and top management on the new DORA requirements.
    5. Set up incident management and incident reporting processes in accordance with the requirements of EU regulators.
    6. Implement multi-cloud strategies and integrate DORA into cloud provider selection processes.

    The COREDO team implemented a similar step-by-step strategy for a European payment organization, which made it possible not only to ensure business continuity under DORA, but also to reduce the costs of meeting requirements through automationand compliance.

    Metrics and KPIs for assessing DORA

    To evaluate the effectiveness of DORA implementation, we recommend using the following KPIs and digital resilience metrics:

    • Response time to ICT incidents.
    • Proportion of incidents fully investigated on time.
    • Maturity level of ICT risk management processes (according to the CMMI model).
    • Number of successfully passed stress tests and scenario exercises.
    • Percentage of SLA compliance with providers.
    • Company digital maturity index.
    COREDO’s solution for an investment firm in the EU included the implementation of a dashboard system to monitor KPIs, which enabled the board of directors to track the level of digital resilience in real time and respond promptly to deviations.

    DORA and GDPR: similarities and differences

    DORA and GDPR often overlap in data management, but have fundamental differences: GDPR focuses on the protection of personal data, while DORA focuses on digital operational resilience and ICT risk management. It is important to harmonize compliance processes to avoid duplication of procedures and reduce the burden on the business. COREDO’s practice shows that integrating DORA into the existing risk management system and automating compliance enables effective adherence to both regulations.

    Fines for non-compliance with DORA

    Fines for non-compliance with DORA can reach €10 million or 2% of the company’s annual turnover, depending on the severity of the violation. In addition to financial sanctions, companies face serious reputational risks and restrictions on access to the European financial market. DORA regulatory inspections are becoming increasingly frequent and thorough, requiring companies to continuously monitor compliance and timely update digital risk management processes.

    Practical recommendations for businesses

    • DORA is not only a regulatory requirement but also a strategic tool for enhancing a business’s digital resilience.
    • Implementing DORA requires a comprehensive approach: from ICT risk management and incident management to compliance automation and integration into corporate governance.
    • Best DORA compliance practices in international companies include regular audits of digital processes, staff training, the adoption of multi-cloud strategies, and automation of vendor monitoring.
    • Long-term consequences of DORA implementation: reduction of operational and reputational risks, increased investment attractiveness, and resilience to systemic failures.
    • COREDO’s practice confirms: strategic cyber-resilience planning and integrating DORA into business processes are becoming key success factors in the European and international financial markets.
    If you would like to discuss an individual DORA implementation strategy, conduct an audit of digital processes, or receive consultation on ICT risk management, the COREDO team is ready to offer practical solutions based on real experience and deep market knowledge.

    In 2024, more than 65% of international companies entering new markets face delays and additional costs due to mistakes in choosing the market-entry model, Employer of Record or registering their own legal entity. One inaccurate estimate can cost a business millions of euros in missed opportunities, compliance fines, or loss of trust from local partners. Why do even experienced CEOs and CFOs make mistakes in this choice? How to avoid traps and build a strategy that will provide not only a quick start but also sustainable growth in new markets in the EU, Asia or Africa?

    I am Nikita Veremeev, founder of COREDO. Over eight years of work the COREDO team has implemented dozens of international expansion projects for clients from Europe, Asia and the CIS. We have seen how a competent choice between Employer of Record and establishing a legal entity becomes the key to success, while an incorrect decision is a source of long-term risks.

    In this article you will find not only an expert comparison of the models, but also practical recommendations, checklists and real case studies.

    If you want to take your business to a new level, avoid legal and tax traps, and build a reputation as a reliable player on the international stage: read to the end.

    Employer of Record: company registration abroad

    Illustration for the section «Employer of Record: company registration abroad» in the article «Employer of record or legal entity: how to choose the right moment to switch»

    Employer of Record (EOR) is a service that allows companies to quickly hire employees and legalize employment relationships in any country without creating their own legal entity there. Essentially, the EOR becomes the official employer for your employees, takes on payroll compliance, HR and payroll outsourcing, benefits and compensation management, as well as compliance with all local HR procedures. This approach is especially in demand for expansion without creating a branch, launching temporary or project teams, as well as testing new markets in the EU, Asia or Africa.

    Employer of Record in the EU, Asia and Africa

    The mechanics of EOR differ depending on the jurisdiction. For example, in Europe the EOR takes on not only drafting employment contracts, but also payroll management, oversight of tax payments, and ensuring GDPR compliance when processing employees’ personal data. In Asia, where local labor legislation often changes, the EOR helps minimize internal risk controls and set up local bank accounts and settlements, ensuring transparency and speed of processes. In Africa, where many markets remain poorly structured, the EOR becomes a tool for legalizing employment relationships and managing personnel risks in international hiring.

    COREDO’s practice confirms: when launching pilot teams in Singapore, Dubai or the United Kingdom, EOR allows not only a quick market entry, but also avoiding difficulties with company registration in Asia or the EU, minimizing administrative burden and speeding up the hiring process.

    EOR for international business expansion: advantages and risks

    The key advantages of EOR are obvious:

    • Speed of market entry: launching a team takes from several days to a couple of weeks.
    • Reduction of administrative burden: all issues of payroll compliance, taxes, benefits and compensations are handled by the EOR.
    • Minimization of compliance risks: the EOR is responsible for compliance with local labor legislation and regulatory employer requirements.
    • Flexibility: easily scale the team, test new markets without creating subsidiaries.

    On the other hand, there are risks:

    • Limited control: strategic decisions on personnel management and corporate culture may be constrained.
    • Impact on corporate structure: prolonged use of an EOR may raise questions from investors and partners about the company’s long-term plans.
    • Brand trust in a new market: local clients and partners sometimes perceive an EOR as a temporary solution, which affects reputation.
    COREDO’s experience shows: EOR is an ideal tool for quickly testing a market, temporary and project teams, as well as for companies that are only beginning international expansion.

    Cost of Employer of Record services vs opening a company

    The cost of EOR consists of a fixed fee per employee and additional expenses for HR and payroll outsourcing. Usually this is cost-effective for small teams or project tasks. Comparing the costs of EOR and having your own company shows: with a headcount of up to 10–15 people, EOR saves time and money, allowing you to avoid expenses for Due Diligence when registering a company, office rent, legal support and internal risk control.

    Still, as the team grows and turnover increases, the ROI from EOR decreases.

    A solution developed at COREDO for one of the clients in the Czech Republic showed: upon reaching a certain threshold (for example, 20+ employees or turnover exceeding 1 million euros), opening a legal entity becomes more beneficial in terms of tax optimization and strategic control.

    When to register a company abroad?

    Illustration for the section «When to register a company abroad?» in the article «Employer of record or legal entity: how to choose the right moment to switch»

    Creating your own legal entity is the next stage of development for companies aiming for long-term business operations in the EU, Asia or Africa. Registering a company abroad allows you not only to formalize your market presence, but also to build corporate governance, open local bank accounts, obtain licenses (crypto, forex, payment services) and participate in government tenders.

    Company registration and management in the EU, Asia, Africa

    Registration procedures vary by country. For example, company registration in Singapore takes 3–7 days: you are required to choose a unique name, prepare the charter, appoint at least one local director and submit documents to ACRA. In Europe (Czechia, Estonia, Cyprus) the process can take from 2 weeks to 2 months and includes name verification, preparation of incorporation documents, opening a bank account and registration with tax authorities.

    In Africa, especially when creating a subsidiary, partner due diligence and verification

    the investment attractiveness of the jurisdiction and compliance with local corporate governance requirements. The COREDO team has repeatedly assisted clients at all stages – from choosing a jurisdiction to opening accounts and obtaining licenses.

    Legal and tax nuances for business

    Registering a company abroad implies not only obtaining employer status but also responsibility for managing tax risks when entering new markets, cross-border taxation, compliance when hiring employees, personal data protection (GDPR, PDPA) and local labor legislation.

    COREDO solutions make it possible to build a transparent structure, minimize the risks of tax disputes and ensure payroll compliance for all employees.

    Thus, registering a company abroad requires a comprehensive approach to managing legal and tax aspects, becoming a foundation for increasing trust and attracting investment.

    The company’s impact on trust and investments

    Having your own legal entity increases trust in the brand in a new market, facilitates attracting investments and obtaining grants, and also allows participation in large projects and M&A deals.

    COREDO’s practice confirms: companies with a local structure are perceived as long-term partners, which is especially important in the EU and Asia, where reputation and corporate governance play a key role.

    Employer of Record or company registration: which to choose?

    Illustration for the section 'Employer of Record or company registration: which to choose?' in the article 'Employer of record or legal entity: how to choose the right time to switch'

    Employer of Record or company registration – two fundamentally different approaches to entering a new market and onboarding employees. Your choice will depend on business goals, speed of launch and willingness to assume local legal obligations. Let’s consider how EOR differs from owning a company and what pros and cons each solution has.

    Differences between EOR and owning a company

    Criterion Employer of Record (EOR) Legal entity (own company)
    Speed of market entry Very high (from a few days) Medium/low (from 1-3 months and longer)
    Compliance and risks On the EOR side, minimal for the client On the company side, expertise required
    Cost Transparent fee, beneficial for small volumes High startup and operating costs
    Control and flexibility Limited control, flexibility across markets Full control, strategic flexibility
    Long-term prospects Limited, suitable for market testing Optimal for long-term goals

    When EOR is more advantageous than a subsidiary company

    EOR is especially effective for:

    • Quickly testing new markets without creating a branch.
    • Temporary and project teams.
    • Situations where it is necessary to minimize internal risk control and administrative burden.
    • Companies not ready for significant investments in due diligence when registering a company and opening accounts.

    EOR or your own company – how to choose?

    Evaluation question EOR Own company
    Is launch speed necessary? Yes No
    Is long-term presence planned? No Yes
    Is the reputation of a local employer important? No Yes
    Does team size exceed 15–20 people? No Yes
    Is Licensing required? No Yes
    Is full HR control critical? No Yes
    COREDO practice shows: if you answer ‘yes’ to the majority of points in the second column, it is advisable to consider registering your own legal entity.

    Transition from EOR to your own legal entity: when and how?

    Illustration for the section 'Transition from EOR to your own legal entity: when and how?' in the article 'Employer of record or legal entity: how to choose the right time to switch'

    Transitioning from an EOR to your own legal entity becomes relevant when the business reaches a new stage of development abroad and there is a need to independently manage HR and legal issues. This transition requires a careful assessment of performance indicators to understand when opening your own legal entity is truly justified and how to properly organize the employee migration process.

    Key transition metrics and ROI

    The optimal moment for transition is determined by the following metrics:

    • Headcount growth: if the team exceeds 15–20 employees.
    • Turnover: upon reaching a certain revenue level (for example, 1 million euros in the EU).
    • Need for licensing: the necessity of obtaining financial or payment licenses.
    • ROI: calculating the total costs of EOR and comparing them with the expenses of opening and maintaining your own company. The COREDO team uses comprehensive ROI assessment models, taking into account not only direct costs but also indirect benefits – tax optimization, increased investment attractiveness, and reduced administrative burden.

    Mistakes when transitioning from EOR to your own company

    Common mistakes:

    • Underestimating the timelines and complexity of due diligence during company registration.
    • Ignoring the characteristics of local labor legislation (especially in Asia and Africa).
    • Compliance breaches during employee transfers, which can lead to fines and legal consequences.
    • Lack of a clear strategy for managing HR processes and HR automation.
    COREDO’s experience shows: thorough preparation, risk audit and a phased transition plan minimize these threats.

    Transition algorithm in practice: experience from the EU, Asia, Africa

    1. Cost-benefit analysis: calculating ROI, assessing costs for EOR and a company of your own.
    2. Legal audit: due diligence of partners, corporate governance analysis, document preparation.
    3. Planning employee transfers: drafting new employment contracts, compliance
    4. compliance with local labor legislation, data protection (GDPR, PDPA).

    5. Automation of HR processes: implementation of tools for payroll compliance and benefits management.
    6. Opening bank accounts and obtaining licenses: support at all stages, setup of internal risk control procedures.

    The COREDO team assisted clients in transitioning from an EOR to their own entity in the Czech Republic, Singapore and Dubai, ensuring not only legal clarity but also uninterrupted business processes.

    Compliance and data protection with EOR and LLC

    Illustration for the section «Compliance and data protection with EOR and LLC» in the article «Employer of record or legal entity — how to choose the right moment to transition»

    Compliance and data protection: key aspects when working with employees through an EOR and when operating through an LLC, especially in international business. Adherence to local and international requirements becomes a mandatory condition to minimize risks, protect the company’s reputation and ensure the legality of personal data processing. Below we will examine how these issues are addressed when hiring through an EOR in different countries.

    Compliance when hiring through an EOR in different countries

    Compliance when hiring employees through an EOR includes:

    • Verification of regulatory requirements for employers.
    • Implementation of internal risk controls.
    • Updating employment contracts in accordance with local standards.
    • Systematic audit of payroll compliance.

    COREDO develops tailored solutions for clients, enabling the automation of controls and reducing the likelihood of errors.

    Data protection and labor law in Europe, Asia, Africa

    In the EU, GDPR remains the key standard; in Asia, PDPA and local equivalents.

    When working through an EOR, it is important to ensure that the provider guarantees the protection of employees’ personal data and that all processes comply with local HR procedures. In Africa, special attention is paid to the legalization of employment relationships and compliance with data storage requirements.

    HR and payroll tools for business

    Modern EOR platforms and in-house solutions allow automating:

    • Management of benefits and compensation.
    • Payroll compliance.
    • Personnel record-keeping and reporting.
    • Transfer of employees during M&A and business scaling.
    COREDO’s experience shows: implementing automation reduces administrative burden, speeds up processes and minimizes errors in international hiring.

    Recommendations for international companies

    • Choosing a market entry model: EOR is suitable for quick testing, temporary teams and starting without significant investments. A local legal entity: for long-term strategy, scaling and strengthening reputation.
    • Transitioning from an EOR to a legal entity: determine the timing based on team growth, turnover, licensing needs and ROI calculation. Prepare a phased plan, taking into account legal and HR nuances.
    • Compliance and data protection: implement automation, regularly audit processes, and consider local requirements (GDPR, PDPA).
    • Avoid mistakes: do not underestimate the complexities of due diligence, do not ignore local labor law, invest in corporate governance and internal risk control.
    COREDO, your partner for strategic international expansion, helping not only to choose the optimal model but also to implement it with maximum efficiency and minimal risk.
    In 2024 European tax authorities collected more than €1.2 trillion in Value Added Tax, which is nearly 7% of the EU’s GDP.
    Yet annual budget losses due to errors and non-compliance with VAT rules in the EU exceed €90 billion.

    Why do even experienced international companies face risks and fines despite automation and external support? How will the VAT system for businesses in Europe change and how can they prepare for the new 2025 requirements?

    If you run a startup, scale an e-commerce business, or build complex B2B chains, this article will help you understand the nuances of VAT obligations for companies, avoid critical mistakes, and build a strategy aligned with VAT harmonization and regulatory digitalization trends.
    At COREDO we deal daily with cases where even a small inaccuracy in choosing the country of registration or an incorrect assessment of VAT for non-residents leads to account blocks, additional tax assessments, and reputational risks.

    I’ll explain how the COREDO team addresses these issues and why a sound approach to VAT for startups in the EU, B2B/B2C and e-commerce is the key to sustainable development in the European market.

    Read to the end — you’ll get not only practical recommendations but also a strategic view of the future of VAT for international companies.

    VAT registration and threshold in the EU 2025

    Illustration for the section «VAT registration and threshold in the EU 2025» in the article «EU VAT key aspects and prospects»

    VAT registration and threshold in the EU 2025 is an important aspect of operations for any business conducting activities in the European market. In 2025 EU countries updated the requirements and threshold values for mandatory VAT registration, which significantly affects the launch and development of entrepreneurial projects in different jurisdictions. Below we will examine in detail the current VAT registration thresholds by country and the latest changes that should be considered when planning business in Europe.

    Let’s move on to reviewing the current VAT registration threshold values in different EU countries to understand the specifics and differences at the local level.

    VAT registration thresholds by country

    In 2025 new minimum thresholds for the VAT registration threshold 2025 come into effect for most EU countries. This significantly affects the strategy for entering the European market, especially for non-residents and companies operating under distance selling models.

    Country VAT registration threshold 2025 Features/Comments
    Germany €22,000 Residents only
    France €85,000 (goods) / €37,500 (services) Split by type of activity
    Greece No threshold Mandatory registration
    Czech Republic CZK 2,000,000 (~€80,000) Residents only
    Estonia €40,000 For all companies
    Cyprus €15,600 For all companies
    United Kingdom (for non-residents) £0 Mandatory registration when making supplies into the country
    In COREDO’s practice we often encounter the question: is it possible to optimize the structure to avoid premature registration? For example, for e-commerce storing goods in warehouses in multiple EU countries it is important to consider not only local thresholds but also distance selling threshold rules and cross-border VAT.

    VAT registration for non-residents – requirements

    For companies without a legal presence in the EU, the VAT registration procedure becomes more complex. In some countries (for example, France, Germany, Italy) appointment of a VAT fiscal representative is required: a local tax agent responsible for interacting with tax authorities and timely fulfillment of VAT obligations for the companies.

    A solution developed by COREDO for a SaaS company from Singapore avoided account blocks thanks to timely registration via a fiscal representative in Germany and automation of filing under the new ViDA rules.

    Key VAT registration triggers for non-residents include:

    • Storing goods in EU warehouses (Fulfillment by Amazon, 3PL)
    • Providing digital services B2C
    • Distance selling exceeding the €10,000 threshold (OSS/IOSS)
    • Participation in marketplace oversight (when the platform becomes the tax agent)

    OSS or IOSS, which to choose for reporting?

    Since 2021 the OSS (One Stop Shop) and IOSS (Import One Stop Shop) systems have been in effect for distance selling and digital services. This allows using a single VAT registration for all EU countries and filing unified reporting. Still, the choice of scheme depends on the business structure, type of goods/services and the country of storage.

    COREDO’s practice confirms: for marketplace sellers and SaaS companies the OSS significantly reduces administrative burden, but requires precise setup of accounting systems and integration with tax authorities’ data sharing platforms. For imports of goods valued up to €150: using IOSS is optimal.

    VAT: new requirements and risks

    Illustration for the section «VAT: new requirements and risks» in the article «EU VAT key aspects and prospects»

    Strategic risks of non-compliance with VAT in the EU are not only fines and account blockage, but also loss of scaling opportunities, restrictions on marketplace access, and reputational costs.

    In 2025 control over VAT for e-commerce and digital services is being tightened, and the list of mandatory data for reporting and storage is expanding.

    VAT for SaaS and digital services

    From 2025 the definition of digital services and virtual goods becomes broader: regulation covers not only classic SaaS but also AI-driven tools, NFTs, and digital subscriptions. Implementation of ViDA requires companies to automate the calculation of VAT rates by place of consumption (place of supply), as well as integration with national registers for client verification.

    The COREDO team implemented a project for an AI platform providing services in 12 EU countries: automation of VAT compliance reduced manual operations by 80% and eliminated errors in determining VAT obligations for the companies.

    VAT for marketplace sellers and distance selling

    From 2025 responsibility for VAT payment for marketplace sellers partially falls on platforms (marketplace oversight), but this does not relieve sellers of the need to maintain records,

    store documents and monitor compliance with the distance selling threshold. For sellers using warehouses in several countries, it is important to track movements of goods and register in new jurisdictions in a timely manner.

    In one COREDO case for international e-commerce we implemented a system to monitor VAT registration triggers, which helped avoid fines and automate OSS reporting.

    VAT for B2B and B2C: features and risks

    For B2B transactions in the EU, the reverse charge mechanism applies: the tax liability is shifted to the buyer, but only with correct documentation and verification of the customer’s status. Errors in determining the place of supply or late registration lead to risks of additional assessments and VAT audit.

    For companies providing services with installation/assembly (installation/assembly supplies), it is important to consider the new 2025 rules: the place of taxation is determined by the place where the work is performed, not by the supplier’s registration.

    ViDA and automation of VAT reporting

    Illustration for the section 'ViDA and automation of VAT reporting' in the article 'EU VAT key aspects and perspectives'

    In 2025 the VAT reporting scheme ViDA comes into force, a single digital reporting standard that changes the approach to interaction with tax authorities, expands the list of mandatory data and requires integration with national systems.

    OSS and ViDA scheme, step-by-step guide

    1. Determination of the scope of operations: all supplies of goods and services between EU countries are analyzed.
    2. Choosing the OSS/IOSS scheme: registration in one EU country, submission of a single declaration for all countries.
    3. Integration with ViDA: automation of real-time data transmission, storage of digital documents.
    4. Control of VAT rates and place of supply: automated calculation of rates and determination of the country of taxation.
    5. Filing reports: monthly or quarterly, depending on turnover and business type.
    The implementation of these processes at COREDO enabled an international digital services platform to reduce VAT administration costs by 30% and increase transparency for tax authorities.

    Document requirements for VAT in 2025

    ViDA introduces new standards for storing VAT documents: all primary documents, invoices, payment confirmations and correspondence with clients must be stored digitally for at least 10 years, be available for tax authorities data sharing and be protected from unauthorized access.

    Violation of these rules is a direct path to VAT penalties and a tax audit.

    Tools for automating VAT compliance

    Modern solutions for VAT automation include:

    • AI-driven tools for calculating VAT rates and controlling VAT obligations for companies in different EU countries
    • Integration with marketplace and e-commerce platforms
    • Modules for automatic generation and storage of VAT reporting
    • Systems for monitoring VAT registration triggers and distance selling
    COREDO’s experience shows: investments in automating VAT compliance pay off within 12–18 months due to reduced administrative burden and minimized risks.

    VAT rates in EU countries

    Illustration for the section 'VAT rates in EU countries' in the article 'EU VAT key aspects and perspectives'

    Differences in VAT rates across EU countries create additional challenges for international companies, especially when supplying goods and services to multiple jurisdictions.

    VAT rates in EU countries – comparison table

    Country Standard VAT rate Reduced VAT rate Notes
    Germany 19% 7% Food, books
    France 20% 5.5% / 10% Food, transport
    Czech Republic 21% 15% / 10% Medicines, books
    Estonia 20% 9% Medical services
    Cyprus 19% 5% / 9% Tourism, transport
    Slovakia 20% 10% Food, medicines
    In COREDO cases for companies storing goods in warehouses in different EU countries, we recommend using automated systems for calculating VAT rates to avoid invoicing errors and correctly apply reduced rates.

    Choosing a country for VAT registration in the EU

    The choice of jurisdiction depends on:

    • Location of the warehouse (VAT for storing goods in warehouses in the EU)
    • Countries where the main customers are concentrated
    • Requirements for appointing a fiscal representative for non-residents
    • Peculiarities of taxation of certain sectors (for example, VAT for supplies of electricity, gas, heating and cooling)
    COREDO’s solution for an international startup: registration in Estonia using OSS to optimize VAT reporting and minimize administrative burden.

    EU VAT and changes from 2025

    Illustration for the section 'EU VAT and changes from 2025' in the article 'EU VAT key aspects and perspectives'

    The year 2025 will be a turning point for EU VAT: digitalization of reporting, expanded regulation of new sectors and tighter control over international companies.

    ViDA: VAT changes for business

    The VAT reporting scheme ViDA introduces:

    • Mandatory electronic reporting for all companies operating in the EU
    • An expanded definition of digital services and virtual goods
    • New requirements for client identification and data retention
    • Integration with marketplace oversight and automatic data exchange between tax authorities
    Implementing ViDA in COREDO cases allowed clients to prepare in advance for the new standards and avoid fines for late submission of VAT declarations.

    New requirements for marketplace sellers and SaaS

    Marketplace sellers are required to integrate their systems with tax authorities data sharing platforms, monitor VAT compliance for SaaS and AI-driven services, and ensure transparency of supply chains (supply chain compliance) for B2B and B2C.

    COREDO implemented a comprehensive solution for a life sciences company that enabled integration of VAT reporting processes with ERP systems and minimized administrative burden.

    StrategicRisks in the technology business

    For technology companies and startups in the EU, the key risks remain:

    • Increase in administrative burden (administrative burden)
    • Tightening of VAT audit and control over VAT obligations for companies
    • The need for constant monitoring of changes in VAT harmonization and national legislation

    At the same time, a sound VAT compliance strategy opens up new opportunities for international expansion and optimization of the tax burden.

    Key recommendations for businesses

    Key recommendations for businesses help prepare in advance for changes in tax regulation and minimize risks for the company in 2025. With the update of VAT rules, registration and compliance become an integral part of stable operations and long-term business growth.

    VAT registration and compliance in 2025

    1. Conduct an audit of the business model and determine the VAT registration threshold 2025 for all countries of presence.
    2. Choose the optimal OSS or IOSS scheme for distance selling and digital services.
    3. Appoint a VAT fiscal representative where required for non-residents.
    4. Implement automated systems for monitoring VAT obligations and VAT reporting.

    Errors and risks when working with VAT

    • Regularly update knowledge on national and pan-European changes in VAT for business in Europe.
    • Use automation to control filing deadlines and store VAT documents.
    • Conduct an internal VAT audit at least once a year.
    • Implement best practices for supply chain compliance for international supply chains.

    Metrics for assessing VAT compliance

    • VAT reporting processing time (before and after automation)
    • Number of errors/corrections in VAT returns
    • ROI from implementing AI-driven tools for VAT automation
    • Level of administrative burden on the team

    EU VAT: changes in 2025

    What are the main changes in the VAT registration threshold 2025?

    Thresholds are being unified, but national specifics remain. For distance selling, there is a single €10,000 threshold for OSS.
    What are OSS and IOSS, and when to use them? OSS – for B2C sales of goods and services in the EU, IOSS: for imports of goods up to €150. They allow a single VAT registration and the submission of a unified report.
    What are the VAT compliance requirements for SaaS and digital services? It is necessary to automate the calculation of VAT rates by place of consumption, store digital documents, and integrate with ViDA.
    Which EU countries require a VAT fiscal representative for non-residents? France, Germany, Italy, Spain and a number of others. Requirements are regularly updated.
    What to do in case of errors in VAT reporting? Submit corrections in a timely manner, keep all documents and correspond with tax authorities through a fiscal representative.

    The future of VAT in the EU: what businesses should consider

    In 2025, EU VAT becomes not just a tax obligation but a strategic tool for international business. Comprehensive support, process automation and a deep understanding of the new ViDA standards make it possible not only to minimize compliance risk but also to create competitive advantages for companies focused on international development.

    COREDO’s experience confirms: timely adaptation to changes, investment in technologies and partnership with experts are the key to sustainable growth and successful scaling of business in Europe, Asia and the CIS.

    Leasing for business today is viewed as one of the most convenient forms of financing the purchase of machinery, vehicles and equipment – without the need to spend large sums upfront and withdraw funds from working capital.

    A systematic review of its mechanics and key benefits will help to understand what business leasing is and why entrepreneurs need it.

    Business leasing – what it is and how it works

    Business leasing is a long-term lease of assets (equipment, vehicles, real estate) with the possibility of subsequent purchase or return of the property.

    Unlike a classic loan, leasing implies that ownership of the leased item remains with the lessor until the end of the agreement, while the lessee receives the right to use it and derive economic benefits.

    The transaction structure involves the lessor (leasing company), the lessee (a legal entity, sole proprietor or international company) and, in some cases, the equipment supplier.

    COREDO’s solutions show that leasing is particularly in demand among companies entering new EU and Asian markets, where requirements for transaction transparency and verification of funding sources are significantly higher than in the CIS.

    For startups in the EU, leasing becomes a real alternative to venture financing, allowing rapid scaling of production capacity without increasing the debt burden.

    Thus, leasing opens new financial opportunities for enterprises and contributes to dynamic business development; let’s consider the main advantages of this approach.

    Leasing for business: advantages

    Leasing for business is not only access to modern assets, but also an effective financial lever. Companies gain the ability to use expensive equipment or vehicles without large one-time investments (CAPEX), converting expenses into operational ones (OPEX).

    COREDO’s practice confirms that a properly structured lease allows optimizing the tax burden through tax incentives, accelerated depreciation and deductions on lease payments.

    This is especially relevant for international companies operating across multiple jurisdictions.

    Leasing as a business scaling tool enables freeing up working capital, speeding up equipment renewal and responding flexibly to market changes. In conditions of tightening bank lending, leasing becomes a key element of corporate growth strategy.

    Types of leasing for business

    Type of leasing Main features Who it’s suitable for Key risks
    Financial Long-term, purchase Medium and large businesses, international companies Default risks, residual value
    Operating Short-term, return Startups, small businesses Risks of property return, wear and tear
    Buy-back Buy-back, refinancing Companies with assets Legal and tax risks

    Financial leasing — what is it?

    Financial leasing implies long-term renting with subsequent purchase of the property at residual value. The transaction structure includes a lease down payment (usually 10–30%), a fixed payment schedule (annuity or differentiated), as well as transaction security in the form of collateral or insurance.

    COREDO’s experience shows that for international companies financial leasing is convenient for large-scale investments in production equipment or transport, where transparency of financing structure and the ability to manage the asset’s residual value are important.

    Financial lease agreements pay special attention to early purchase conditions, residual value assessment and mechanisms for managing default risk.

    When is operating leasing beneficial?

    Operating leasing is a short-term rental with the option to return the asset at the end of the contract term. Unlike financial leasing, there is no purchase obligation here, and lease payments are often lower due to the absence of depreciation of the asset’s full value.

    The COREDO team has implemented operating lease projects for IT companies and startups in the EU, where it is important to quickly renew equipment fleets without long-term financial commitments.

    Operating leasing is also in demand in logistics and transport services, especially for cross-border leasing, where requirements for insurance and compliance come to the fore.

    Buy-back leasing for business: taxes and refinancing

    Buy-back leasing (buy-back) is a mechanism in which a company sells its own asset to a leasing company and immediately leases it back. This approach allows freeing up working capital, optimizing the tax base and refinancing debt.

    Solutions developed at COREDO are especially effective for companies with highly liquid assets that need quick access to financing without losing control over equipment or real estate.
    Buy-back leasing requires careful assessment of the market value of the leased item and legal elaboration of the buy-back option to minimize tax and legal risks.

    Leasing terms: requirements and rates

    Illustration for the section «Leasing terms: requirements and rates» in the article «Leasing for business: main options and terms»

    Leasing terms are not only the terms of the deal, but also specific requirements for businesses and sole proprietors, as well as nuances regarding rates and document packages. Understanding these aspects makes it much easier to decide on the feasibility of leasing and to prepare everything necessary for its execution.

    Leasing terms for businesses and sole proprietors

    Leasing terms for legal entities and sole proprietors vary depending on the jurisdiction, type of asset and the lessee’s credit history. In most EU and Asian countries the minimum down payment is 10–20%, the lease term: from 12 to 60 months, and rates can be fixed or floating.

    COREDO’s practice has shown that in Asia leasing programs with minimal down payments and flexible credit scoring requirements are in demand for startups and small businesses.

    At the same time, the key factor in deal approval remains the transparency of capital structure and the availability of collateral.

    Thus, leasing terms are adapted to the client’s and market’s specifics, which is especially important when choosing the structure and schedule of lease payments.

    Structure and schedule of lease payments

    Lease payments can be structured on an annuity (equal payments), differentiated (decreasing payments) or seasonal schedule, allowing the financial burden to be adapted to the specifics of the business.

    In COREDO projects for the food industry and the agricultural sector, leasing with seasonal payments is often used, which ensures synchronization of expenses with revenue inflows.

    Automation of leasing processes and the introduction of electronic document management enable flexible management of the payment schedule and reduce operating costs.

    Asset buyout: price and return

    At the end of the lease term, the lessee can exercise the option to buy the asset at its residual value or return the asset to the lessor.

    Assessing the market value of the leased item and transparent return conditions are key elements for minimizing risks.

    In COREDO cases for international companies, special attention is paid to the legal documentation of buy-back terms and dispute resolution mechanisms when returning assets.

    Leasing of equipment, transport and real estate

    Illustration for the section «Leasing of equipment, transport and real estate» in the article «Leasing for business: main options and conditions»

    Leasing of equipment, transport and real estate is a modern financing tool that helps companies renew fixed assets without large one-time expenses. This approach allows businesses to respond flexibly to market changes by investing in the development of production, transport, or commercial real estate without using borrowed capital.

    Equipment leasing for business – terms

    Equipment leasing is one of the most in-demand tools for the food industry, IT companies and startups in the EU.

    Multivendor leasing allows financing several types of equipment from different suppliers under a single contract, which is especially relevant for fast-growing companies.

    COREDO’s experience has shown that for startups in the EU and small businesses in Asia, flexible terms, accelerated depreciation and the ability to replace equipment early without penalties are important.

    Transport leasing for business

    Transport leasing for business is not only a way to renew a vehicle fleet, but also an effective cross-border leasing tool for international companies.

    In such deals, key issues include insurance of leased assets, compliance and AML requirements, and structuring transactions taking into account currency and tax risks.

    The COREDO team has supported transport leasing projects with flexible payment schedules and a buy-back option, enabling clients to optimize operating expenses and reduce tax burden.

    Real estate leasing – how to use it for growth

    Real estate leasing is in demand among IT companies and service businesses opening offices and warehouses in Europe.

    The financing structure of such transactions requires in-depth analysis of corporate risks, valuation of the market value of properties and development of return or buyout mechanisms at the end of the lease term.

    COREDO’s practice has shown that real estate leasing allows companies to scale their business flexibly without tying up significant funds in asset purchases.

    How to choose a leasing company?

    Illustration for the section «How to choose a leasing company?» in the article «Leasing for business: main options and conditions»

    How to choose a leasing company is a key question for any entrepreneur seeking to use modern financing tools profitably and safely. The right choice of a leasing partner will help accelerate business development, avoid unnecessary risks and obtain the best terms of cooperation. In the following points, we will consider what to pay attention to when choosing a leasing company for business.

    Now let’s consider the main parameters that will make the choice as well-founded and beneficial for your business as possible.

    How to choose a leasing company for business

    Choosing a leasing company is a strategic decision that affects the security and efficiency of the transaction.

    Key criteria: leasing company rating, transparency of operations, experience in the chosen jurisdiction, the presence of compliance controls and market reputation.

    At COREDO we recommend conducting a comprehensive Due Diligence, including analysis of the leasing portfolio structure, credit scoring and the history of dispute resolution.

    AML and KYC in leasing

    Modern compliance, AML and KYC requirements are becoming the standard for all leasing operations, especially in the EU, the United Kingdom and Singapore.

    Legal support of the transaction, multi-level verification of the lessee and transparency of funding sources: mandatory elements for deal approval and minimizing the risk of asset freezing.

    COREDO solutions take into account the specifics of AML regulation in different countries and integrate automated control tools into the transaction structure.

    Leasing and financial reporting: benefits and standards

    Illustration for the section «Leasing and financial reporting: benefits and standards» in the article «Leasing for business: main options and conditions»

    Leasing is becoming an increasingly sought-after tool for business, affecting not only asset management but also the structure of a company’s financial reporting. Proper structuring of leasing operations allows taking advantage of significant benefits and requires consideration of modern standards — the following sections are devoted to these issues.

    Leasing: tax benefits and optimization

    Leasing for business opens access to tax benefits: deductions on lease payments, accelerated depreciation and reduction of the tax base.

    Sale-and-leaseback is often used to optimize taxes and free up working capital, especially in countries with a developed buy-back and leasing subsidy system.

    COREDO’s experience has shown that tax optimization through leasing requires a deep understanding of local legislation and international accounting standards.

    IFRS 16: how it affects financial reporting

    Since 2019, all companies reporting under IFRS are required to recognize lease liabilities on the balance sheet (IFRS 16).

    This affects EBITDA metrics, the CAPEX vs OPEX structure and the credit rating of the compcompany.

    In COREDO’s practice, special attention is paid to the correct disclosure of leasing obligations, which helps avoid claims from auditors and regulators.

    Leasing for business: risks and legal nuances

    Illustration for the section «Leasing for business: risks and legal nuances» in the article «Leasing for business: main options and terms»

    Leasing for business is becoming an increasingly popular financing tool, but it is accompanied by a range of risks and complex legal nuances. Understanding them is important to minimize potential losses and properly build relations with the lessor. Below we will consider the main leasing risks and ways to mitigate them within the framework of current legislation and business practice.

    Leasing risks and how to reduce them

    Key risks: default on lease payments, return of property, force majeure, insurance of leased assets.

    The COREDO team integrates risk management tools into transactions: asset insurance, force majeure clauses, and early settlement mechanisms.

    Automation of processes and electronic document management reduce the likelihood of errors and speed up response to emergency situations.

    Due diligence and lease support

    Legal support of leasing transactions is an essential condition for minimizing risks and protecting the parties’ interests.

    The structure of a leasing transaction should include clearly defined security terms, electronic document management, and dispute resolution mechanisms.

    Different jurisdictions have their own specifics: for example, in Singapore and the United Kingdom separate approval of buy-back terms and compliance control is required at all stages of the transaction.

    Leasing for corporate growth and scaling

    Leasing for corporate growth and scaling is a tool that allows companies to quickly expand their technical and production base without significant one-time investments. Thanks to flexible terms and effective cash flow management, leasing becomes a powerful driver for business expansion and the implementation of strategic tasks.

    Leasing for business: examples and case studies

    Leasing for business scaling: it is not only access to financing but also the ability to manage assets flexibly.

    In COREDO’s cases for small businesses in Asia and startups in the EU, leasing of equipment and transport allowed companies to enter new markets without raising external capital.

    For large international companies, leasing becomes part of the corporate strategy for managing leased assets and optimizing capital structure.

    What should businesses choose: leasing or a loan?

    Comparing leasing and loans requires considering the financing structure, payment schedule, tax benefits, and the impact on financial reporting.

    The profitability of leasing for a company can be calculated using a leasing calculator, taking into account ROI, cost of capital, and operating expenses.

    COREDO’s solutions allow you to choose the optimal financing model taking into account industry specifics and business goals.

    Practical conclusions and recommendations

    • Choose the type of leasing based on business goals, asset structure and tax strategy: financial – for long-term investments; operating – for flexibility; return – for refinancing and tax optimization.
    • Evaluate lease terms: down payment, rates, payment schedule, buy-back options and collateral requirements.
    • Perform due diligence on the leasing company: rating, experience in the required jurisdiction, level of compliance control.
    • Integrate leasing into corporate strategy: use it for scaling, asset management and optimization of cash flows.
    • Implement process automation and electronic document management to increase transparency and reduce operational risks.
    • Take into account AML and KYC requirements: transparency of capital structure and funding sources is critical for transaction approval in international jurisdictions.
    • Use tax incentives and accelerated depreciation to reduce tax burden and improve business efficiency.

    Checklist for entrepreneurs and executives:

    • Define the leasing objectives and choose the optimal type of transaction.
    • Check the reputation and rating of the leasing company.
    • Analyze the contract terms: rates, payment schedule, return and purchase options.
    • Assess the tax consequences and the impact on financial statements under IFRS 16.
    • Conduct legal review and due diligence of the transaction.
    • Implement risk management and process automation tools.
    • Ensure compliance with all compliance, AML and KYC requirements.

    COREDO’s practical experience shows: leasing is not just a financial instrument, but a strategic growth driver when its selection and structuring are approached professionally and systematically.

    In 2025 Thailand emerged as the leader in Southeast Asia in crypto market growth rates: according to the latest Chainalysis report, the volume of digital asset transactions in the country increased by 65% year-on-year, and the number of registered crypto companies exceeded 400. Surprising? Back in 2021 most international investors regarded Thailand as an “experimental site” for blockchain startups, and today the country sets regulatory standards for the whole region.

    Why was such rapid growth possible here? The reason is a bold reform: from 2025 new cryptocurrency regulation rules in Thailand came into force, which radically changed conditions for businesses, investors and tech companies. The Digital Assets Act, updated SEC requirements, capital gains tax exemption and the launch of a regulatory sandbox — these steps not only strengthened control but also opened new opportunities for crypto legalization, business scaling and attracting investment.

    But behind the prospect lies complexity: how to undergo Licensing of crypto business in Thailand? What risks await foreign crypto exchanges? How will cryptocurrency taxation change in 2025?
    And most importantly – how to use the new rules for strategic growth?

    In this article I, Nikita Veremeev, CEO COREDO, offer not just an overview: you will get answers to key questions, learn about real cases from COREDO’s practice and receive tools for decision-making.

    If you want to understand how cryptocurrency regulation in Thailand in 2025 affects your business — read on.

    Cryptocurrency in Thailand: Regulation 2025

    Illustration for the section «Cryptocurrency in Thailand: Regulation 2025» in the article «Crypto in Thailand 2025 new rules and market regulation»

    Keywords: cryptocurrency regulation Thailand 2025, Digital Assets Act Thailand, SEC Thailand cryptocurrency

    LSI-terms: Royal Decree on the Digital Asset Businesses, SEC license Thailand, compliance for crypto business, anti-money laundering (AML), Know Your Customer (KYC)

    Digital Assets Act and the SEC

    At the heart of the reform lies the updated Digital Asset Act of Thailand (Digital Asset Business Legislation), which covers crypto exchanges, brokers, dealers, ICO platforms, custodial services and digital wallet operators. All activity with digital tokens, utility and security tokens now requires an SEC Thailand license: this applies to both local and foreign companies.

    SEC Thailand has strengthened the role of the regulator: it now not only issues licenses but also enforces AML/KYC requirements, conducts audits and monitors operations. The central bank is responsible for stablecoins and control of payment services, integrating the Royal Decree on the Digital Asset Businesses with banking standards.

    The COREDO team implemented several projects to obtain SEC licenses for European and Asian crypto companies: key was the implementation of financial monitoring procedures, KYC automation and integration with national registries, which allowed passing the audit without delays.

    New rules for crypto platforms and foreign companies

    From 2025 foreign crypto exchanges in Thailand are obliged to undergo localization: open a legal entity, appoint a local director, use Thai bank accounts and integrate national AML services. A license for foreign crypto platforms in Thailand is granted only on condition of full compliance with the new SEC standards, including implementation of FATF algorithms and participation in the regulatory sandbox.

    COREDO’s practice confirms: for non-residents the key challenge became Due Diligence according to Thai standards and the need for a transparent capital structure. One of the tasks that the COREDO team solved for a client from the EU: the development of a hybrid scheme of cross-border operations through a licensed Thai platform, which made it possible to minimize risks and comply with SEC requirements.

    Restrictions for non-residents include limits on cross-border cryptocurrency payments, mandatory data storage in Thailand and additional cybersecurity checks.

    Regulatory sandbox for innovation

    Thailand actively implements a regulatory sandbox for testing new products: the TouristDigiPay program allows foreign tourists to use digital wallets and stablecoins without full registration, which stimulates the development of blockchain projects and DeFi. Pilot projects receive temporary licenses and undergo accelerated compliance checks.

    The solution developed at COREDO for one of the startups allowed integrating asset tokenization within the sandbox, which accelerated the product’s market entry and ensured compliance with the new SEC requirements.

    License for crypto business in Thailand

    Illustration for the section «License for crypto business in Thailand» in the article «Crypto in Thailand 2025 new rules and market regulation»

    Keywords: licensing of crypto business Thailand, registration of a crypto company in Thailand, how to get a license for crypto business in Thailand in 2025

    LSI terms: SEC license Thailand, legal entity registration, compliance, KYC, AML

    Requirements for a legal entity’s business structure

    The following will be required to register a crypto company in Thailand in 2025:

    • Legal form: most often, Public Company Limited (PCL) or Private Limited Company (PLC).
    • Authorized capital: minimum 50 million THB for exchanges, 10 million THB for brokers, 5 million THB for custodial services.
    • Local director: citizen or resident of Thailand.
    • Registered address and office.
    • Documents: articles of association, business plan, AML/KYC policy, description of IT infrastructure, information about beneficiaries.
    The COREDO team supports clients at all stages: from preparing the structure to coordinating with the regulator, including integration of asset tokenization and development of compliance procedures.

    How to obtain an SEC license

    licensing stagescrypto business include:

    1. Preparation of the document package and business plan.
    2. Submission of an application to SEC Thailand.
    3. Undergoing due diligence: verification of capital structure, sources of financing, IT systems and AML/KYC policy.
    4. Audit of IT infrastructure and cybersecurity.
    5. obtaining a license and registration in the national registry of digital asset operators.

    Timelines: from 3 to 6 months, cost: from 500 000 THB (excluding authorized capital and IT infrastructure).

    Real COREDO case: licensing of a European crypto exchange: implementation of automated KYC procedures, integration with Thai banks and preparation for audit made it possible to obtain an SEC license in 4 months.

    Compliance: new requirements for AML and KYC

    From 2025 AML requirements/KYC for crypto business in Thailand comply with FATF and MiCAR standards: mandatory automation of client verification, transaction monitoring, data storage for at least 5 years, integration with national registries of suspicious transactions.

    COREDO recommends using hybrid solutions: implementation of AI modules for transaction analysis, regular training for staff, integration with international databases on financial crimes.

    In one project the COREDO team helped a client implement a dynamic monitoring system, which reduced compliance costs and accelerated SEC checks.

    Taxes on cryptocurrency in Thailand 2025

    Illustration for the section «Taxes on cryptocurrency in Thailand 2025» in the article «Crypto in Thailand 2025 new rules and market regulation»

    Keywords: cryptocurrency taxation in Thailand, cryptocurrency taxes for investors, exemption from capital gains tax on cryptocurrency

    LSI terms: tax policy, capital gains tax, tax incentives, investment attractiveness

    Tax rates and incentives 2025

    Main change: exemption from capital gains tax (CGT) for transactions with licensed cryptocurrencies and tokens if operations are conducted through SEC-accredited platforms. The same exemption applies to non-residents provided compliance is observed and the company is registered in Thailand.

    Tax incentives apply to investors, companies and startups participating in the regulatory sandbox or implementing asset tokenization projects.

    The COREDO team developed a tax optimization strategy for a client from Singapore: structuring operations through a Thai platform allowed legally extracting profits without CGT and VAT.

    Taxation cases for businesses and investors

    Example: a company registered in Thailand sells tokenized assets through an SEC platform. Profit from token sales is exempt from CGT but is subject to corporate tax (20%). For individual investors the exemption applies provided income is declared and KYC is completed.

    Risks: violation of reporting rules, lack of an SEC license or use of illegal platforms: fines up to 10 mln THB and prohibition of activity.

    COREDO recommends automating tax reporting, integrating with the national financial monitoring system and regularly auditing operations.

    Cryptocurrencies: investments and risks

    Illustration for the section «Cryptocurrencies: investments and risks» in the article «Crypto in Thailand 2025 new rules and market regulation»

    Keywords: crypto market Thailand, impact of regulation on crypto investments, risks and opportunities for companies in the crypto asset market of Thailand

    LSI terms: investment attractiveness, investor protection, long-term regulatory consequences, blockchain projects, capital migration via crypto

    Impact of the new rules on investments

    The new SEC regulations and tax policy have increased Thailand’s investment attractiveness: ROI growth for licensed companies reached up to 30% per year, and the volume of venture investments in blockchain projects increased by 40%. Long-term consequences: formation of a sustainable crypto ecosystem, reduction of risks for investors and growth in the number of international M&A deals.

    Metrics to assess the market: volume of licensed platforms, average time to obtain a license, share of legalized operations, level of compliance.

    COREDO recommends using a comprehensive approach: analyze not only financial indicators but also quality of compliance, level of investor protection, and speed of innovation adoption.

    Thus, despite increased attractiveness and tighter regulation, foreign investors and companies must consider the specific risks associated with entering the Thai market.

    Risks for foreign investors and companies

    Main threats: cybersecurity, non-compliance with new SEC requirements, fines for violating AML/KYC, restrictions on cross-border operations.

    COREDO’s practice has shown that risk minimization requires implementation of multi-factor protection, regular audits and integration with international monitoring systems.

    For foreign companies the key risk remains the inability to operate without an SEC license: violation threatens account blocking and prohibition of activity.

    Future of blockchain and DeFi projects

    The DeFi market in Thailand after the reform gained new opportunities: legalization of stablecoins, launch of platforms for tokenization of traditional assets, support for startups in the regulatory sandbox.

    COREDO implemented a project to introduce blockchain solutions for a fintech company: integration with the SEC platform allowed attracting investments, accelerating market entry and ensuring compliance with the new requirements.

    Regulation of cryptocurrency in Thailand and the EU

    Illustration for the section «Regulation of cryptocurrency in Thailand and the EU» in the article «Crypto in Thailand 2025 new rules and market regulation»

    Keywords: comparison of cryptocurrency regulation in the EU and Asia, cryptocurrency regulation Thailand 2025

    LSI terms: MiCAR, FATF, global regulatory standards, compliance

    Thus, diffDifferences and similarities in the approaches of the EU and Asian countries form a unique regulatory landscape, the importance of which is particularly evident in the example of cryptocurrency regulation in Thailand by 2025.

    What are the differences and similarities

    Criterion Thailand 2025 EU (MiCAR) Singapore/Hong Kong
    Licensing SEC, Royal Decree MiCAR, national MAS/SFC
    AML/KYC Strict, FATF EU standards, FATF FATF standards
    Taxation CGT exemption, VAT Capital gains tax Preferential regime
    Regulatory sandbox Yes (TouristDigiPay) Partially Yes
    Investor protection Enhanced Enhanced Enhanced

    Key differences, level of detail in licensing, requirements for business localization, speed of obtaining approvals and access to the regulatory sandbox.

    Impact of global standards on local laws

    Thailand has integrated FATF and MiCAR standards: requirements for AML/KYC, investor protection, and financial monitoring comply with international norms. For international companies it is important to comply with FATF standards, integrate automated compliance solutions and undergo regular audits.

    COREDO recommends using international tools for transaction monitoring, implementing multi-jurisdictional solutions, and regularly updating compliance procedures.

    Recommendations for businesses

    Keywords: practical steps for crypto businesses, how to prepare for a crypto company audit under the new rules, how to protect a business from cyber threats in Thailand’s crypto sphere

    LSI terms: compliance, audit, cybersecurity, financial monitoring, transaction transparency, preparation for inspections

    • Checklist for licensing:

      • Prepare a business plan and capital structure.
      • Appoint a local director and register a legal address.
      • Implement automated AML/KYC procedures.
      • Integrate IT systems with national registries.
      • Conduct a cybersecurity audit.
      • Submit an application to the SEC and undergo due diligence.
    • Reducing tax and legal risks: use SEC-accredited platforms, automate tax reporting, regularly update compliance procedures.
    • Choosing partners: prefer companies with experience in the Thai market, integrate solutions for asset tokenization and DeFi.
    • Transparency and security of operations: implement multi-factor protection, use international monitoring systems, conduct regular audits.
    • Preparation for an audit: document all processes, retain data for at least 5 years, regularly update the AML/KYC policy.

    The COREDO team helps clients through all stages of licensing, implement AML best practices, and ensure transaction transparency.

    Key advice for investors and entrepreneurs

    Keywords: key takeaways, recommendations for businesses, prospects of Thailand’s crypto market

    LSI terms: investment attractiveness, long-term regulatory consequences, innovations in the financial sector

    • Main changes: tighter regulation, integration of FATF and MiCAR standards, exemption from capital gains tax, development of the regulatory sandbox.
    • Strategic advantages: legalization of cryptocurrency, access to investments, reduced tax burden, support for innovation.
    • Main risks: cybersecurity, non-compliance with SEC requirements, fines for violating AML/KYC, restrictions for non-residents.
    • Recommendations: implement automated compliance solutions, integrate international standards, prepare for audits and choose partners with proven expertise.

    COREDO’s practice shows: success in Thailand’s crypto market requires not only knowledge of the new rules, but also a strategic approach to business structuring, compliance and investor protection. If you plan to enter the market – act systematically, use the opportunities opened by regulation, and trust experts who know the specifics of the region.

    Did you know that, according to the European Investment Bank, nearly 40% of small and medium-sized enterprises in the EU face refusals when attempting to obtain a business loan, and in Asia this figure reaches 55%? In conditions where access to corporate financing becomes a strategic advantage, choosing the right lending instrument determines not only the pace of growth but also the company’s resilience on the international market.

    Why do some businesses scale thanks to flexible financial instruments while others lose liquidity and face debt restructuring? How can you avoid common mistakes and turn a business loan into a growth driver rather than a source of risk?
    In this article I, Nikita Veremeev, will explain how the COREDO team helps entrepreneurs and executives from Europe, Asia and the CIS not only gain access to corporate financing, but also build a strategy that minimizes risks and ensures return on investment (ROI). I will share practical cases, analyze modern types of loans for companies, legal and compliance nuances, and provide step-by-step recommendations for choosing the optimal business loan in different jurisdictions.

    If you are looking not only for an overview but also for concrete solutions – read to the end.

    Types of business loans for companies

    Illustration for the section «Types of business loans for companies» in the article «Lending options for legal entities: what to choose»

    The modern corporate finance market offers a wide range of instruments, and the leader’s task is to choose the one that aligns with the business goals, asset structure and regulators’ requirements.

    Investment loan and targeted loan for companies

    Illustration for the section «Investment loan and targeted loan for companies» in the article «Lending options for legal entities: what to choose»

    An investment loan is a long-term instrument designed to finance capital expenditures: production expansion, implementation of innovations, purchase of real estate or equipment.

    COREDO’s experience shows that, for successfully obtaining an investment loan in the EU or Singapore, preparing a detailed business plan is critically important, including financial modeling, analysis of return on investment (ROI) and a collateral strategy. For example, when supporting a financing deal for a tech startup in the Czech Republic, our team developed a structure of a targeted loan with deferred payments, which allowed the client to reach operating profitability before repayments began.

    A targeted loan for companies is often used for contract execution or implementation of specific projects. Here, banks and alternative lenders assess not only the legal entity’s creditworthiness but also the quality of the contract base, the reputation of counterparties, and the availability of bank guarantees.

    Working capital loan, overdraft and seasonal financing

    Illustration for the section «Working capital loan, overdraft and seasonal financing» in the article «Lending options for legal entities: what to choose»

    A working capital loan is an instrument for financing current expenses, raw material purchases, and payments to suppliers.

    At COREDO we recommend using working capital loans to cover cash gaps and seasonal peaks, especially in retail and agribusiness. An overdraft for legal entities is a flexible form of lending where a company can temporarily exceed the balance on its current account within an established limit. This approach is convenient for managing the company’s credit portfolio and maintaining financial stability during periods of high volatility.

    Seasonal financing for enterprises is a separate category in demand in industries with pronounced seasonality.

    The solution developed at COREDO for an export-oriented company in Estonia included a combined package: a working capital loan plus a credit line with automatic renewal for the peak sales period.

    Business leasing and sale & leaseback

    Illustration for the section «Business leasing and sale &leaseback» in the article «Lending options for legal entities: what to choose»

    Leasing for business: an alternative to a traditional loan for purchasing equipment or vehicles.

    Financial leasing allows the use of an asset without one-time expenses, and sale & leaseback frees up capital from existing assets. Our experience at COREDO has shown that leasing schemes are especially effective for companies seeking to preserve liquidity and optimize tax burden.

    For example, when structuring a deal for a logistics company in Slovakia we integrated a sale & leaseback, which allowed the client to obtain additional financing secured by its own vehicle fleet.

    Credit line and flexible financial instruments

    Illustration for the section «Credit line and flexible financial instruments» in the article «Lending options for legal entities: what to choose»

    A credit line for legal entities: a universal instrument for companies with regular financing needs. It allows flexible management of the credit limit, drawing funds as needed.

    At COREDO we often recommend multi-bank financing and syndicated loans for large projects when diversification of risks and attraction of significant resources are required.

    This approach was implemented when supporting a deal to construct a production complex in the United Kingdom, where the credit line was syndicated among three banks with different currencies and repayment schedules.

    Alternative funding sources: crowdlending and microfinance

    Crowdlending for business and microfinancing for companies: innovative financial instruments that are actively developing in the EU and Asia. They allow raising funds through digital lending platforms, bypassing traditional banks. The COREDO team has implemented several projects to attract alternative financing for startups in Singapore and Estonia, where crowdlending became a key source

    shortage of working capital.

    It is still important to consider the risks of corporate lending through such platforms: high cost of funds, requirements for business transparency and mandatory AML procedures.

    Thus, the choice of appropriate financing instruments depends on the company’s goals, and we will consider the specifics and comparison of lending conditions in the EU, Asia and Africa below.

    Lending conditions for business in the EU, Asia and Africa

    How to choose the optimal loan for a legal entity in the EU

    In Europe, banks impose strict requirements on the business plan, the company’s credit history and collateral for a business loan. For successful completion of the borrower’s Due Diligence it is important to prepare a package of documents in advance, including financial statements, confirmation of sources of income and information about beneficiaries. Special attention is paid to compliance procedures and KYC for legal entities.

    At COREDO we support clients at every stage: from deal structuring to obtaining a bank guarantee.

    A feature of leasing for legal entities in Europe is the possibility of integrating ESG factors and participating in government business support programs.

    Types of lending and alternative sources of financing in Asia

    The Asian market is characterized by a high share of digital lending platforms, rapid development of microfinance and flexible collateral requirements. In Singapore and Hong Kong, innovative financial instruments are actively used, including crowdlending, factoring and subsidized loans for small and medium-sized businesses.

    The solution implemented by COREDO for a technology company in Singapore included a combined package: a bank loan plus raising funds through a digital platform, which made it possible to reduce the average interest rate and accelerate the business’s scaling.

    Business lending in Africa: opportunities and limitations

    African countries offer interesting opportunities for companies focused on export and infrastructure projects. On the other hand, interest rates are higher here and loan terms are shorter. Government business support programs and international corporate lending are key sources of financing.

    In COREDO’s practice there were cases when, to enter African markets, we structured deals with the involvement of multi-bank financing and international guarantees, which made it possible to reduce credit risks and ensure the return on investment.

    Comparison of lending conditions for companies in different countries

    Parameter EU Asia Africa
    Interest rate from 2% from 4% from 8%
    Loan term up to 10 years up to 7 years up to 5 years
    Collateral requirements high control moderate flexible
    AML/compliance strict moderate moderate
    Alternative sources developed actively developing limited

    Thus, the specifics of lending conditions depend on the region and type of transaction, and next we will consider the key collateral requirements for a business loan.

    Requirements and collateral for a business loan

    Documents and guarantees for obtaining a business loan

    To arrange a business loan, banks and financial organizations require an extensive package of documents: constituent documents, financial statements, tax returns, a business plan, information about beneficiaries and confirmation of sources of funds. At COREDO we pay special attention to preparing a legally flawless set, which significantly speeds up the approval process. Bank guarantees and risk insurance often become a mandatory requirement when financing large contracts.

    Credit scoring and assessment of a legal entity’s creditworthiness

    Credit scoring for business is a comprehensive assessment of a company’s financial stability, its credit history, asset structure and quality of management. The solution developed by COREDO for an international trading company included the implementation of an internal financial monitoring system, which made it possible to increase the legal entity’s creditworthiness and obtain more favorable corporate financing terms.

    Collateral, pledges and guarantees for corporate loans

    Collateral: a key element in structuring a credit transaction. This can include real estate, equipment, inventory or bank deposits. Guarantees for corporate credit are often required for companies with a limited history or startups. At COREDO we recommend carefully analyzing the structure of collateral to minimize risks and ensure flexibility when restructuring debt.

    AML and compliance in business lending

    How AML checks are conducted in corporate lending

    AML (anti-money laundering) requirements in lending to companies are becoming stricter in all jurisdictions. The bank or lender is obliged to carry out a comprehensive AML check, including KYC for legal entities, analysis of sources of funds, beneficial owners and the structure of the corporate group. COREDO’s practice confirms: business transparency and willingness to disclose information significantly speed up the loan approval process.

    Due diligence of the borrower includes not only checking the finances, but also analyzing business reputation, litigation and compliance with international standards.

    Legal support for credit transactions: nuances and best practices

    Legal support for credit transactions is an integral part of corporate financing. Compliance procedures, structuring a credit transaction, agreeing on collateral terms and the payment schedule require high expertise and knowledge of the regulatory requirements of a specific jurisdiction. The COREDO team implemented projects where Legal expertise allowed the client to avoid hidden risks associated with cross-border transactions and multi-currency financing.

    Risks of corporate lending and ROI

    How to reduce risks when arranging a business loan

    Credit risks are an integral part of any corporate financing. Key tools to minimize them include diversifying the company’s loan portfolio, restructuring corporate debt, and refinancing business loans when market conditions change. At COREDO we recommend implementing regular financialmonitoring and use bank guarantees, which reduces the likelihood of default and ensures the return on investment.

    ROI metrics and assessment of the profitability of borrowed funds

    Return on investment (ROI) in business lending is assessed by indicators such as operating profit, margins, payback period, and cost of borrowed funds. It is important to take into account not only the direct interest rates on a business loan but also hidden costs: fees, insurance, and currency risks.

    The solution implemented by COREDO for a manufacturing company in Cyprus showed that integrating flexible financial instruments and factoring increased ROI by 12% through optimization of working capital.

    Credit instruments for scaling the business

    How to prepare a business plan for an investment loan

    A quality business plan for obtaining a loan is not just a formality but a strategic tool. It should include market analysis, financial modeling, risk assessment and a strategy for ensuring return on investment. The COREDO team supports clients at all stages of preparation: from data collection to presenting the project to the bank’s credit committee.

    Mistakes and common problems when arranging business loans

    Typical mistakes companies make when applying for loans: underestimating compliance requirements, incomplete document preparation, ignoring the company’s credit history, and lack of a credit limit management strategy. COREDO’s experience shows that timely legal support and financial monitoring make it possible to avoid refusals and obtain more favorable conditions.

    To choose the right business loan and increase the chances of approval, it is important to determine financing goals in advance and compare the terms of different programs – let’s look at the key criteria in the next section.

    How to choose a business loan

    • Analyze financing goals: an investment loan is suitable for long-term projects, a working capital loan for current expenses, leasing for renewing equipment without losing liquidity.
    • Compare terms in different jurisdictions: interest rates, collateral requirements, terms and compliance procedures vary significantly.
    • Prepare the business plan and the document package in advance: this speeds up approval and increases the chances of obtaining better terms.
    • Consider all risks and hidden costs: analyze not only the cost of the loan but also potential legal and operational risks.
    • Use comprehensive support and legal services: COREDO’s experience confirms that a systematic approach minimizes errors and saves time.
    • Implement financial monitoring and manage the company’s credit portfolio: this increases creditworthiness and business resilience.

    If you are aiming to scale your business using credit instruments, seeking flexible financial solutions and a reliable partner for comprehensive support: the COREDO team is ready to offer expert solutions tailored to your objectives and the specifics of the jurisdiction.

    Monaco is not only prestige, but also a unique combination of strategic advantages:
    • A transparent and stable legal system based on French civil law, but with a number of its own corporate features.
    • Strict international AML/KYC standards: company registration in Monaco is accompanied by multi-level verification of sources of funds, beneficial ownership and corporate structure.
    • A high level of asset protection and corporate transparency, which is especially important for structures with international investors and complex holding arrangements.
    • Access to European and Asian markets: a company registered in Monaco can effectively participate in cross-border operations, use double taxation avoidance agreements and build flexible international tax planning.
    • Monaco’s special offshore status: despite strict oversight, the jurisdiction remains attractive for structuring holding, investment and financial projects, as well as for scaling businesses.
    COREDO’s practice confirms: with a competent approach, company registration in Monaco becomes not merely a formality but a strategic step to protect capital, optimize the tax burden and increase trust from partners and banks.

    Company registration in Monaco: stages

    Illustration for the section «Company registration in Monaco: stages» in the article «Company registration in Monaco main stages and requirements»

    Opening a company in Monaco is a task that requires an exact understanding of procedures, timelines and disclosure requirements. The COREDO team has implemented dozens of projects related to the registration of legal entities in Monaco, and we have developed a clear algorithm that allows minimizing risks and speeding up the process.

    Legal forms: SAM, SARL, Société Civile

    The first key stage: determining the optimal legal form in Monaco:

    • SAM (Société Anonyme Monégasque) – a classic joint-stock company suitable for large investment, holding and financial structures. The minimum share capital for an SAM in Monaco is 150,000 euros, a board of directors is required and mandatory publication of the articles of association in Journal de Monaco.
    • SARL (Société à Responsabilité Limitée), the equivalent of a limited liability company, minimum capital 15,000 euros, simplified corporate structure, suitable for small and medium-sized businesses.
    • Société Civile – a civil company not intended for commercial activities, used for property management, family offices and private assets.
    Expert advice: when choosing a form, consider not only the size of the capital, but also requirements for corporate governance, reporting, restrictions on types of activity and opportunities for scaling the business.
    Legal form Minimum capital Number of founders Main requirements Restrictions on activity
    SAM 150,000 euros 2+ Board of directors, publication in Journal de Monaco, audit No more than 8 companies per director
    SARL 15,000 euros 2+ Articles of association, corporate account, authorization Restrictions on types of activity
    Société Civile None 2+ Articles of association, registration with the tax authority Civil activities only

    Founding documents and business plan

    At this stage the core of the future company is formed:

    • Development of a business plan for company registration: a detailed description of activities, financial flows, ownership structure, market analysis and justification of economic presence (substance requirements).
    • Preparation of founding documents: articles of association, meeting minutes, information on beneficial owners, corporate structure, share distribution and shareholders’ rights.
    • Notarization of documents in Monaco, a mandatory procedure for legalizing the founding documents and confirming the founders’ powers.
    The solution developed by COREDO allows integrating international Due Diligence and KYC standards already at the document preparation stage, which significantly speeds up subsequent compliance checks.

    After completing the stage of forming the company’s core, the procedure for obtaining an operating permit and undergoing a compliance check begins.

    Operating permit and compliance

    The next stage is obtaining an operating permit in Monaco through the Department of Economic Development.

    • As part of the procedure, a comprehensive check is carried out for compliance with Monaco legislation, including analysis of sources of funds, the founders’ business reputation and the structure of beneficial ownership.
    • It is important to ensure transparency in disclosing information about ultimate beneficiaries, prepare justification of the project’s economic feasibility, and compliance with international AML/KYC standards.
    • For certain types of activities (financial services, crypto, payment systems), obtaining a separate license and implementing an internal financial monitoring system are required.
    COREDO’s experience shows that it is at this stage that regulators most often raise questions: from additional requests about the structure to the need to provide an expanded business plan and proof of compliance.

    After completing this procedure, one can move on to the stage of opening a corporate account and contributing the share capital.

    Open a corporate account and deposit the share capital

    After obtaining the operating permit, a corporate account is opened at a Monaco bank.

    • Monaco banks impose heightened requirements for KYC and AML: disclosure of information about beneficiaries will be required, provision of documents confirming the source of funds, and undergoing a comprehensive check of business reputation.
    • The deposit of share capital is carried out only after opening the account, which is confirmed by a bank statement and the founders’ meeting minutes.
    • It is important to consider substance requirements: having a real office, employees and economic presence in Monaco significantly increaseschances of successfully opening an account.
    COREDO’s practice confirms: prior preparation of a complete set of documents and a transparent ownership structure are the key to successful interaction with Monaco’s banks.

    After receiving authorization to operate, you can move on to the next stage.

    Registration of the articles of association and entry in the register

    The final stage: publication of the company’s articles in the Journal de Monaco and registration in the Monaco Trade and Industry Register.

    • Publication of corporate documents is a mandatory requirement for SAMs and a number of other forms: it ensures the company’s transparency and legitimacy, and informs the market of its establishment.
    • Registration of amendments to the articles, maintenance of the shareholders’ register, publication of corporate changes, all these procedures are regulated by Monaco law and require strict compliance with deadlines and formalities.
    The COREDO team supports clients at all stages, including interaction with the notary, preparation of publications, and registration of corporate changes.

    Requirements for registering a business in Monaco

    Illustration for the section 'Requirements for registering a business in Monaco' in the article 'Company registration in Monaco: main stages and requirements'

    Monaco imposes high requirements for transparency, corporate governance, and the real presence of companies on its territory.

    Requirements for the beneficiary, shareholder, and director

    • All beneficial owners in Monaco must be disclosed, providing documents that confirm their identity, business reputation, and sources of funds.
    • The legal responsibility of beneficial owners and directors is established by law: significant sanctions apply for false disclosure of information.
    • Restrictions on directors’ activities: one director cannot manage more than 8 SAM companies, and for some types of activities the presence of a compliance officer with certified qualifications is required.
    In COREDO’s practice, there have been cases where an insufficiently transparent ownership structure led to refusal of registration or account opening.

    Requirements for substance and office

    • Economic presence (substance requirements), a key criterion for recognizing a company as a tax resident of Monaco and gaining access to benefits in international tax planning.
    • The need to have a real office, employees, corporate residence, and the company’s legal address.
    • The business plan must contain justification of the economic feasibility of operating specifically in Monaco, and not in alternative jurisdictions.
    COREDO’s solution for organizing a real office and supporting substance requirements helps minimize the risk of claims from tax and regulatory authorities.

    Licensing of activities: what is it?

    • For financial, investment, insurance, cryptocurrency, and a number of other businesses, a separate license is required for certain types of activities.
    • The licensing procedure includes verification of directors’ qualifications, the presence of a compliance officer, and the implementation of internal AML policies and financial monitoring.
    • Interaction with Monaco’s Department of Economic Development and the State Minister is a mandatory step to obtain authorization to operate.
    COREDO’s expertise covers the entire licensing cycle, including document preparation, support during inspections, and subsequent implementation of compliance procedures.

    Taxes and reporting of companies in Monaco

    Illustration for the section 'Taxes and reporting of companies in Monaco' in the article 'Company registration in Monaco: main stages and requirements'

    Taxes and reporting of companies in Monaco: these are key aspects that determine the financial activity and legal transparency of business in the principality. For successful operation, it is important to take into account the specifics of reporting and the differences in taxation of companies of different forms, including SAM and SARL.

    Taxes for SAM and SARL: comparison of forms

    • SAM and SARL companies conducting commercial activities outside Monaco may be eligible for a preferential tax regime; however, this requires confirmation of tax residency and economic presence.
    • Corporate tax for companies whose more than 25% of income is generated outside Monaco is 33.33%. Exceptions are possible for purely local businesses.
    • Dividends and profit distributions are not taxed at the shareholder level, provided substance requirements and transparency of the corporate structure are met.
    • For cross-border operations, it is important to consider double tax avoidance agreements and features of international tax planning.
    COREDO’s experience shows: proper business structuring can significantly reduce tax burden and ensure compliance with the requirements of the automatic exchange of tax information (CRS).

    Annual reporting and audit: what is important?

    • All SAMs and most SARLs are required to maintain full corporate accounting and audit, provide annual balance sheets, profit and loss statements, and undergo mandatory audits.
    • Compliance and AML procedures in Monaco require the implementation of internal controls, appointment of a compliance officer, regular financial monitoring, and verification of the sources of funds.
    • The automatic exchange of tax information (CRS) obliges companies to disclose data on accounts and beneficiaries under international agreements.
    COREDO’s practice involves implementing effective reporting and compliance systems, allowing clients not only to meet requirements but also to minimize the risk of fines and sanctions.

    Company registration in Monaco: risks and alternatives

    Illustration for the section 'Company registration in Monaco: risks and alternatives' in the article 'Company registration in Monaco: main stages and requirements'

    Company registration in Monaco may seem an attractive option due to a special tax regime and the prestige of the jurisdiction, but it is associated with a number of significant risks and restrictions for non-residents. It is important to take into account possible reasons for refusal in advance, and also consider existing alternatives in order to minimiminimize time and financial losses.

    Reasons for refusal for non-residents

    • The most common reasons for refusal: insufficiently transparent ownership structure, questionable business reputation of the founders, lack of confirmed economic presence and non-compliance with AML/KYC requirements.
    • For non-residents, opening a corporate account is particularly challenging: Monaco banks thoroughly verify the sources of funds and may refuse without explanation.
    • Failure to comply with beneficiary disclosure requirements, substance requirements or corporate governance leads to the risk of company liquidation or account blocking.
    The COREDO team recommends conducting preliminary Due Diligence and a KYC audit before submitting documents to minimize the likelihood of refusal.

    Comparison of alternative jurisdictions

    • Among alternative jurisdictions for international investors are Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Singapore, the UAE and the United Kingdom.
    • Each of them has its own pros and cons in terms of taxation, substance requirements, compliance and market access.
    • Monaco remains a unique venue for structuring assets but requires more thorough preparation and support.
    COREDO always conducts a comparative analysis of jurisdictions, taking into account the client’s objectives, the specifics of the business and asset protection requirements.

    Company registration in Monaco: step-by-step

    Illustration for the section «Company registration in Monaco: step-by-step» in the article «Company registration in Monaco main stages and requirements»

    Company registration in Monaco: step-by-step requires strict observance of official procedures. At each stage it is important to have a ready set of documents, as proper preparation is the key to successful and rapid business formation in the principality. Below is a checklist of documents required to start the registration process.

    Documents for registration: checklist

    • A business plan for company registration justifying the economic presence.
    • Founding documents: articles of association, minutes, information about beneficiaries and the corporate structure.
    • Documents confirming the business reputation of the founders and the sources of funds.
    • Notarization of documents.
    • Application for an activity permit, publication of the articles in the Journal de Monaco, registration in the trade and industry register.
    • Opening a corporate account, contribution of share capital, registration of amendments to the constitutional documents.

    Timeframes and costs: common mistakes

    • Average registration period for a SAM company in Monaco is from 3 to 6 months; for a SARL, from 2 to 4 months.
    • Corporate fees and charges depend on the company form and the extent of publication in the Journal de Monaco.
    • Typical mistakes: incomplete documentation, insufficiently developed business plan, non-compliance with substance requirements, errors in beneficiary disclosure.
    COREDO’s experience shows that thorough preparation and support at all stages can significantly shorten timelines and reduce costs.

    How to choose a consulting partner and a lawyer

    • When choosing a partner for business registration in Monaco, focus on experience in handling complex compliance procedures, knowledge of local legislation and a track record in licensing financial activities.
    • It is important to provide not only legal support during registration but also ongoing support: corporate compliance, audit, transaction support for M&A, implementation of AML/KYC systems.
    • Appointing a compliance officer with international qualifications is a mandatory requirement for financial and investment companies.
    COREDO supports clients at all stages: from strategic planning and jurisdiction selection to implementation of corporate governance and asset protection.

    Key tips for entrepreneurs

    Registering a company in Monaco is not just a formal procedure but a strategic project that requires a deep understanding of corporate law, compliance, substance requirements and taxation specifics.

    COREDO’s expertise and experience in supporting dozens of projects in Monaco allow us to highlight the following key recommendations:

    • Take a strategic approach to choosing the legal form and corporate structure.
    • Pay particular attention to preparing the business plan, disclosing beneficiary information and ensuring economic presence.
    • Invest in high-quality legal support and compliance at all stages.
    • Use Monaco’s opportunities for business scaling, asset protection and international tax planning.
    • Minimize the risk of refusal and costs through thorough document preparation and implementation of best corporate governance practices.
    COREDO remains your trusted partner in addressing the most complex matters related to company registration, licensing and business support in Monaco and other leading international jurisdictions.